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Bacterial coinfections in hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19: a narrative literature review
Introduction. In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 emerged, triggering a global health crisis. Objective. To analyze the available literature evidence on bacterial coinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, identifying the most frequent bacterial pathogens and the observed resistance profiles. Methodology. A narrative literature review was conducted in electronic databases between the years 2021 and 2023. Twenty-two studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results. The main comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 include hematological diseases, hypertension, respiratory diseases, and cancer. Regarding bacterial coinfections, the most prevalent microorganisms were found to be Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp, and Acinetobacter baumannii among Gram-negative bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp., and Streptococcus pneumoniae among Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions. The altered immune response in these patients increases susceptibility to secondary infections, while the excessive use of antimicrobials raises the risk of multidrug-resistant infections and worse clinical outcomes. Therefore, the need for effective treatment and infection control strategies is emphasized, as well as strict regulation and surveillance of antimicrobials.
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