Presencia de productos farmacéuticos en agua: una revisión sistemática para Colombia

Andrés Julián Bonilla Reyes; Jonny Andrés Yepes Blandón; Miguel Angel Navarro Ramírez

doi:10.22490/21456453.10346

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2026)

Published 2026-09-26

Anexo (Spanish)

license

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

When RIAA receives the postulation of an original by its author, either through email or post mail, considers that it can be published in physical and/or electronic format and facilitates its inclusion in databases, newspaper archives and other systems and indexing process. RIAA authorizes the reproduction and citation of the Journal’s material, provided that explicitly indicates journal name, the authors, the article title, volume, number and pages. The ideas and concepts expressed in the articles are responsibility of the authors and in no case reflect the institutional policies of the UNAD.

Área Ambiental

Presence of pharmaceutical products in water: a systematic review for Colombia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.10346

Andrés Julián Bonilla Reyes University of the Llanos

Jonny Andrés Yepes Blandón University of the Llanos

Miguel Angel Navarro Ramírez University of the Llanos

PDF (Spanish)

Abstract
References

Contextualization: In recent decades, the increasing use and inadequate disposal of pesticides, herbicides, and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) have raised concerns regarding their negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Knowledge gap: These compounds, which have already been detected in various water boides in Colombia, include human and veterinary drugs, illicit substances, cosmetics and personal hygine products. However a comprehensive national overview is currently lacking.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding the presence of PPCPs in water samples within Colombia territory was conducted using various search engines and Booleand operators.

Results and conclusions: A total of 117 different compounds were identified, with antibiotics (17.9%) and analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs (11.1%) being the two most frequently reported groups. Specifically, carbamazepine (5.2%), diclofenac (4.9%), and ibuprofen (4.6%) were the most studied compounds. The most frequently analyzed sample types were surface water (26.1%) and treated wastewater (23.9%). The findings highlight the widespread distribution of these contaminants across different aquatic matrices and underscore the urgent need to establish specific regulations for their monitoring and control. This review provides a scientific basis for the environmental risk management associated with PPCPs and for the formulation of public policies aimed at protecting water quality in Colombia.

keywords: Emerging contaminants, pharmaceutical residues, aquatic contamination, wastewater, ecological risk

Alean, J. A., Méndez, D. M., Núñez, S. M. B., Enamorado-Montes, G., & Negrete, J. M. (2021). Productos farmacéuticos y de cuidado personal presentes en aguas superficiales, de consumo humano y residuales en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.4231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.4231

Alean-Flórez, J. D., Mendez, D. S. M., Nuñez, S. M. B., Enamorado-Montes, G. H., & Negrete, J. L. M. (2021). Presencia de contaminantes emergentes (CE) en los distritos de riego del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Orinoquia, 25(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.686

Aristizábal-Ciro, C., Botero-Coy, A. M., López, F. J., & Peñuela, G. A. (2017). Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reservoir water used for drinking water supply. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24(8), 7335-7347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8253-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8253-1

Arrubla, J. P., Cubillos, J. A., Ramírez, C. A., Arredondo, J. A., Arias, C. A., & Paredes, D. (2016). Pharmaceutical and personal care products in domestic wastewater and their removal in anaerobic treatment systems: Septic tank – up flow anaerobic filter. Ingeniería e Investigación, 36(1), 70-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v36n1.53076

aus der Beek, T., Weber, F., Bergmann, A., Hickmann, S., Ebert, I., Hein, A., & Küster, A. (2016). Pharmaceuticals in the environment—Global occurrences and perspectives. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(4), 823-835. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339

Bedoya-Ríos, D. F., Lara-Borrero, J. A., Duque-Pardo, V., Madera-Parra, C. A., Jimenez, E. M., & Toro, A. F. (2018). Study of the occurrence and ecosystem danger of selected endocrine disruptors in the urban water cycle of the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 53(4), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1401372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1401372

Bijlsma, L., Botero-Coy, A. M., Rincón, R. J., Peñuela, G. A., & Hernández, F. (2016). Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 565, 984-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.078

Botero-Coy, A. M., Martínez-Pachón, D., Boix, C., Rincón, R. J., Castillo, N., Arias-Marín, L. P., Manrique-Losada, L., Torres-Palma, R., Moncayo-Lasso, A., & Hernández, F. (2018). ‘An investigation into the occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in Colombian wastewater’. Science of The Total Environment, 642, 842-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.088

Cacua-Ortiz, S. M., Aguirre, N. J., & Peñuela, G. A. (2020). Methyl Paraben and Carbamazepine in Water and Striped Catfish (Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum) in the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 105(6), 819-826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-03028-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-03028-z

Caviedes-Rubio, D. I., Delgado, D. R., & Amaya, A. O. (2017). Normatividad ambiental dirigida a regular la presencia de los productos farmacéuticos residuales en ambientes acuáticos. Revista Jurídica Piélagus, 16(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25054/16576799.1445 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25054/16576799.1445

Cerón-Vivas, A., & Peñuela Mesa, G. A. (2024). Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical pollutants in the Oro River Sub-basin (Colombia). Environmental Research, 252, 118951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118951

da Silva, A. C., Alves de Oliveira, L. V., Amaral Alexandre, L., Rocha Ribas, M., Lemos Dal Pizzol, J., Rocha, G., Kasuko Palmeiro, J., Perin, M., Hoff, R., & Verruck, S. (2025). Suspect screening and quantitative analysis of 165 contaminants of emerging concern in water, sediments, and biota using LC-MS/MS: Ecotoxicological and human health risk assessment. Science of The Total Environment, 963, 178434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178434

DANE. (2025). Geoportal del DANE - Codificación Divipola. https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/territorio/consulta-divipola-division-politico-administrativa-de-colombia/

Das, R., & Raj, D. (2025). Sources, distribution, and impacts of emerging contaminants – a critical review on contamination of landfill leachate. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 17, 100602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100602

Dasenaki, M. E., & Thomaidis, N. S. (2015). Multi-residue determination of 115 veterinary drugs and pharmaceutical residues in milk powder, butter, fish tissue and eggs using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 880, 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.013

Daughton, C., & Ternes, T. (1999). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change? Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(suppl 6), 907-938. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s6907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s6907

Delgado, N., Bermeo, L., Hoyos, D. A., Peñuela, G. A., Capparelli, A., Marino, D., Navarro, A., & Casas-Zapata, J. C. (2020). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products using subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Water Research, 187, 116448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116448 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116448

Espinosa-Ruiz, C., Manuguerra, S., Morghese, M., García-Beltrán, J. M., Esteban, M. Á., Giuga, M., Messina, C. M., & Santulli, A. (2021). Immunity and inflammatory responses in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) exposed to sub-lethal mixture of carbamazepine, cadmium chloride and polybrominated diphenyl ether. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 111, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.013

Fernández, R., Colás-Ruiz, N. R., Martínez-Rodríguez, G., Lara-Martín, P. A., Mancera, J. M., Trombini, C., Blasco, J., & Hampel, M. (2022). The antibacterials ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfadiazine modulate gene expression, biomarkers and metabolites associated with stress and growth in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquatic Toxicology, 250, 106243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106243

Gallego-Ríos, S. E., & Peñuela, G. A. (2021). Evaluation of ibuprofen and diclofenac in the main rivers of Colombia and striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), 210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08922-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08922-5

Gracia-Lor, E., Martínez, M., Sancho, J. V., Peñuela, G., & Hernández, F. (2012). Multi-class determination of personal care products and pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta, 99, 1011-1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.091

Hernández, F., Ibáñez, M., Botero-Coy, A.-M., Bade, R., Bustos-López, M. C., Rincón, J., Moncayo, A., & Bijlsma, L. (2015). LC-QTOF MS screening of more than 1,000 licit and illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater and surface waters from the area of Bogotá, Colombia. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407(21), 6405-6416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8796-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8796-x

Jacquin, L., Petitjean, Q., Côte, J., Laffaille, P., & Jean, S. (2020). Effects of Pollution on Fish Behavior, Personality, and Cognition: Some Research Perspectives. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00086

Jiménez, E. M., Madera-Parra, C. A., & Machuca-Martinez, F. (2023). The occurrence of emerging compounds in real urban wastewater before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Cali, Colombia. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 33, 100457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100457

Jiménez, E. M., Madera-Parra, C. A., & Peña-Salamanca, E. J. (2020). Eliminación de compuestos farmacéuticos presentes en el agua residual doméstica mediante un tratamiento primario avanzado. Ingeniería y Competitividad, 22(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v22i1.8794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v22i1.8794

Jiménez-Bambague, E. M., Madera-Parra, C. A., Ortiz-Escobar, A. C., Morales-Acosta, P. A., Peña-Salamanca, E. J., & Machuca-Martínez, F. (2020). High-rate algal pond for removal of pharmaceutical compounds from urban domestic wastewater under tropical conditions. Case study: Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 82(6), 1031-1043. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.362

Jiménez-Bambague, E. M., Madera-Parra, C. A., Rangel-Delgado, M. F., Quintero-Martinez, I., Miranda-Mosquera, D., Aristizabal-Apolinar, J. S., & Machuca-Martínez, F. (2023). Photo-Fenton and Electro-Fenton performance for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in real urban wastewater. Electrochimica Acta, 442, 141905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141905

Lamb, I., Massam, M., Mills, S., Bryant, R., & Edwards, D. (2024). Global threats of extractive industries to vertebrate biodiversity. Current Biology, 34(16), 3673-3684.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.077

Li, X., Shen, X., Jiang, W., Xi, Y., & Li, S. (2024). Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 278, 116420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116420

Lucon-Xiccato, T., Savaşçı, B. B., Merola, C., Benedetti, E., Caioni, G., Aliko, V., Bertolucci, C., & Perugini, M. (2023). Environmentally relevant concentrations of triclocarban affect behaviour, learning, and brain gene expression in fish. Science of The Total Environment, 903, 166717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166717 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166717

Madera-Parra, C. A., Jiménez-Bambague, E. M., Toro-Vélez, A. F., Lara-Borrero, J. A., Bedoya-Ríos, D. F., & Duque-Pardo, V. (2018). ESTUDIO EXPLORATORIO DE LA PRESENCIA DE MICROCONTAMINANTES EN EL CICLO URBANO DEL AGUA EN COLOMBIA: CASO DE ESTUDIO SANTIAGO DE CALI. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 34(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2018.34.03.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2018.34.03.10

Manjarrés-López, D. P., Peña-Herrera, J. M., Benejam, L., Montemurro, N., & Pérez, S. (2023). Assessment of wastewater-borne pharmaceuticals in tissues and body fluids from riverine fish. Environmental Pollution, 324, 121374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121374

Martínez, J. (2009). The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1667), 2521-2530. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0320

Martínez, & Peñuela, G. A. (2012). Analysis of triclosan and 4n-nonylphenol in Colombian reservoir water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Water and Environment Journal, 27(3), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2012.00360.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2012.00360.x

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, T. P. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

Morin-Crini, N., Lichtfouse, E., Liu, G., Balaram, V., Ribeiro, A. R. L., Lu, Z., Stock, F., Carmona, E., Teixeira, M. R., Picos-Corrales, L. A., Moreno-Piraján, J. C., Giraldo, L., Li, C., Pandey, A., Hocquet, D., Torri, G., & Crini, G. (2022). Worldwide cases of water pollution by emerging contaminants: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(4), 2311-2338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01447-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01447-4

Murillo, F. A. B., Aponte, Á. E. P., & Escobar, H. M. R. (2023). Tratamiento de aguas residuales en Colombia y sistemas bioelectroquímicos: Usos y perspectivas. Tecnura, 27(76), Article 76. https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.19390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14483/22487638.19390

Ogunwole, G. A., Adeyemi, J. A., Saliu, J. K., & Olorundare, K. E. (2024). A computational analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of ibuprofen and dibutyl phthalate on gene expression in fish. Heliyon, 10(11), e31880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31880 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31880

Osuoha, J. O., Anyanwu, B. O., & Ejileugha, C. (2023). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products as emerging contaminants: Need for combined treatment strategy. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 9, 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100206

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Pemberthy, P., Padilla, Y., Echeverri, A., & Peñuela, G. A. (2020). Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and fish from the Gulf of Urabá, Colombia. Heliyon, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04215

Peña-Guzmán, C., Ulloa-Sánchez, S., Mora, K., Helena-Bustos, R., Lopez-Barrera, E., Alvarez, J., & Rodriguez-Pinzón, M. (2019). Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: A review of the current literature. Journal of Environmental Management, 237, 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.100

Picinini-Zambelli, J., Garcia, A. L. H., & Da Silva, J. (2025). Emerging pollutants in the aquatic environments: A review of genotoxic impacts. Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 795, 108519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108519

Rodrigues, S., Antunes, S. C., Correia, A. T., Golovko, O., Žlábek, V., & Nunes, B. (2019). Assessment of toxic effects of the antibiotic erythromycin on the marine fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) by a multi-biomarker approach. Chemosphere, 216, 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.124

Serna, E. A., Botero-Coy, A. M., Rosero-Moreano, M., Lee, J., Hernández, F., & Torres-Palma, R. A. (2022). An Initial Approach to the Presence of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater from Hospitals in Colombia and Their Environmental Risk. Water, 14(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060950

Serna, E. A., Silva-Agredo, J., Botero-Coy, A. M., Moncayo-Lasso, A., Hernández, F., & Torres-Palma, R. A. (2019). Effective elimination of fifteen relevant pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater from Colombia by combination of a biological system with a sonochemical process. The Science of the Total Environment, 670, 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.153

Serna-Galvis, E. A., Botero-Coy, A. M., Martínez-Pachón, D., Moncayo-Lasso, A., Ibáñez, M., Hernández, F., & Torres-Palma, R. A. (2019). Degradation of seventeen contaminants of emerging concern in municipal wastewater effluents by sonochemical advanced oxidation processes. Water Research, 154, 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.045

Serna-Galvis, E. A., Martínez-Mena, Y. L., Porras, J., Torres-Palma, R. A., Serna-Galvis, E. A., Martínez-Mena, Y. L., Porras, J., & Torres-Palma, R. A. (2022). Antibióticos de alto consumo en Colombia, excreción en orina y presencia en aguas residuales—Una revisión bibliográfica. Ingeniería y competitividad, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.25100/iyc.24i1.11267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v24i1.11267

Solano Roa, M. V., & Garavito Cárdenas, G. (2013). Condición de venta de analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroides, legalmente autorizados para su comercialización en Colombia. Estrategias de uso racional. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico - Farmacéuticas, 42(2), 145-168.

Souza, M. C. O., Rocha, B. A., Adeyemi, J. A., Nadal, M., Domingo, J. L., & Barbosa, F. (2022). Legacy and emerging pollutants in Latin America: A critical review of occurrence and levels in environmental and food samples. The Science of the Total Environment, 848, 157774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157774

Valladales-Restrepo, L. F., Rubio-Londoño, S., Poveda-Martinez, L. F., & Machado-Alba, J. E. (2022). Prescribing Pattern of Analgesics in Colombia. Are there Differences between Capital Cities and Municipalities? A Cross-Sectional Study. Drugs - Real World Outcomes, 9(3), 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40801-022-00318-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40801-022-00318-2

Wolf, L., Zwiener, C., & Zemann, M. (2012). Tracking artificial sweeteners and pharmaceuticals introduced into urban groundwater by leaking sewer networks. Science of The Total Environment, 430, 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.059

Zapata, N. I., & Peñuela, G. A. (2021). Modified QuEChERS/UPLC-MS/MS method to monitor triclosan, ibuprofen, and diclofenac in fish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum. Food Analytical Methods, 14(6), 1289-1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01951-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01951-9

license

How to Cite

Bonilla Reyes, A. J., Yepes Blandón, J. A., & Navarro Ramírez, M. A. (2026). Presence of pharmaceutical products in water: a systematic review for Colombia. Revista De Investigación Agraria Y Ambiental, 17(2), 247-283. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.10346

Download Citation

Almétricas