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Generalidades de la producción de embriones bovinos in vitro
La producción de embriones in vitro (PIV) es una biotecnología reproductiva que impacta los sistemas ganaderos favoreciendo el mejoramiento genético y que también se ha utilizado como modelo de investigación del desarrollo embrionario en otras especies. Para el desarrollo de ésta técnica, se colectan oocitos in vivo por medio de laparoscopia y aspiración folicular guiada por ultrasonografía ó a través de ovarios recolectados en plantas de sacrificio. Los oocitos son sometidos a procesos de maduración in vitro, utilizando diversos medios, adición de gonadotropinas y factores de crecimiento. Los espermatozoides son sometidos a tratamientos de capacitación espermática in vitro, donde adquieren capacidad fertilizante y se separan los espermatozoides vivos de los componentes seminales y crio-protectores. Para la fertilización in vitro se realiza un cocultivo de espermatozoides y oocitos en un medio que favorece la actividad espermática y penetración de la zona pelúcida. Posteriormente, los embriones obtenidos son sometidos a cultivo en medios que contengan fuentes de energía, aminoácidos y factores de crecimiento, con el fin de mantener su sobrevivencia y desarrollo. En la actualidad la técnica de PIV en bovinos se ha masificado y se trabaja en los procesos de estandarización en otras especies. A partir de la PIV se dio el desarrollo de nuevas biotecnologías como la clonación y transgénesis. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las fases de la PIV y su relación con los eventos fisiológicos de la fertilización y desarrollo embrionario temprano.
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