Producción de Astaxantina en Haematococcus pluvialis bajo diferentes condiciones de estrés

Judith Elena Camacho Kurmen; Gloria González; Bernadette Klotz

doi:10.22490/24629448.1022

Vol. 11 Núm. 19 (2013)

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2013-06-15

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Camacho Kurmen, J. E., González, G., & Klotz, B. (2013). Producción de Astaxantina en Haematococcus pluvialis bajo diferentes condiciones de estrés. REVISTA NOVA PUBLICACIÓN CIENTÍFICA EN CIENCIAS BIOMÉDICAS, 11(19), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.1022

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Producción de Astaxantina en Haematococcus pluvialis bajo diferentes condiciones de estrés

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.1022

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Artículo de Revisión

Judith Elena Camacho Kurmen Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Universidad de la Sabana

Gloria González Universidad de la Sabana

Bernadette Klotz Universidad de la Sabana

Las microalgas son fuente de un gran número de compuestos bioactivos de interés industrial, como los carotenoides que se utilizan como colorantes naturales en alimentación animal y humana, así como en la industria farmacéutica, cosmética y en la acuicultura. Además se han propuesto como agentes efectivos en la prevención de una variedad de enfermedades, debido a su capacidad antioxidante, inmunoregulaora, anti-inflamatoria y anti-cancerígena. El ketocarotenoide astaxantina es el más importante desde el punto de vista biotecnológico. Hoy la mayor cantidad de astaxantina es producida por síntesis química y es vendida a un precio de US $2500/kg. El alto precio y el incremento en la demanda para este compuesto, especialmente de origen natural, en las diferentes industrias, hace que sea de interés la producción astaxantina a partir de microalgas como el Haematococcus pluvialis, que acumula cantidades importantes (más del 4%/g de peso seco) y de mejor calidad que las obtenidas por otras fuentes como levaduras y plantas.

La acumulación del pigmento en H. pluvialis ocurre durante la transformación de la microalga desde el estado vegetativo (fase verde) a aplanospora (fase roja) cuando cesa su crecimiento en la fase estacionaria. Los tipos de estrés que inducen a la acumulación de astaxantina son temperatura, intensidad lumínica, ciclos de luz/oscuridad, concentración de nutrientes, pH, especies reactivas de oxígeno, sales y presencia de inhibidores de procesos metabólicos a diferente nivel. Es importante resaltar que esta microalga es de difícil cultivo; así como en la obtención del pigmento en cantidades de interés, debido a su ciclo celular complejo. De igual forma, un mayor entendimiento de las bases moleculares de la relación -condiciones de estrés-inducción- acumulación de astaxantina en H. pluvialis, podría ser útil para aumentar la productividad de astaxantina.

carotenoides, Haematococcus pluvialis, microalga, astaxantina, condiciones de estrés.

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