European Union policy and the use of the normative power regarding cybersecurity

The transformation of our societies due to technological progress and worldwide spread of information technologies has established a new domain where states must establish a “normal” way of relating to each other. National legislation has been adapted in order to reach this domain; however, in an international context there are still different manners to interpret what behaviour is normal and acceptable. The European Union has established a framework regarding its own cybersecurity and aims to establish the rule-of-law to progress towards a secure digital world; it has also created sanction rules to punish behaviours which oppose its own view. This paper tries to look at what effects it has had on other major actors in the realm of cybersecurity: The United States, Russia, and China. By looking at the development of the frameworks of these countries and their actions and comparing it to the objectives of the European Union in this matter, it shows that effects have been different in each case and that they are not coercing the actions of the other states, not because of a failed implementation, but due to their own nature.

Palabras clave: cybersecurity;, European Union;, normative power;, Russia;, sanctions;, United States, China

Aegis. (2019). White Paper on Cybersecurity Policy: Common Ground for EU-US Collaboration. AEGIS project. https://bit.ly/30Shw2G

Biersteker, T. & Portela, C. (2015). EU sanctions in context: three types. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). Brookson, C., Cadzow, S., Eckmaier, R., Eschweiler, J., Gerber, B., Guarino, A., ... &

Gorniak, S. (2015). Definition of Cybersecurity-Gaps and overlaps in standardisation. ENISA.

Bull, H. (1995). The Anarchical society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Macmillan press.

Center For Strategic & International Studies. (2021). Significant Cyber Incidents Since 2006. https://bit.ly/3ehlu8j

Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. (2012). Official Journal of the European Union. https://bit.ly/3piYegh

European Parliament and of the Council. (2016, 6 de julio). Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union. https://bit.ly/3pkJ1LN

ENISA. (2017). ENISA Threat Landscape Report 2016. 15 Top Cyber-Threats and Trends. European Union Agency for Network and Information Security. https://bit.ly/3eltxAI

ENISA. (2018). ENISA Threat Landscape Report 2017. 15 Top Cyber-Threats and Trends. European Union Agency for Network and Information Security. https://bit.ly/3plDqEQ

ENISA. (2019). ENISA Threat Landscape Report 2018. 15 Top Cyberthreats and Trends. European Union Agency for Network and Information Security. https://bit.ly/32qw0au

European Commission. (2013). Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace. https://bit.ly/3JdbDyi

European Commission. (2020). The EU’s Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade. https://bit.ly/3ySaOX3

Fernández Bermejo, D. & Martínez Atienza, G. (2018). Ciberseguridad, ciberespacio y ciberdelincuencia. Thomson Reuters Aranzadi.

Geller, E. (2018, 19 de julio). China, EU seize control of the world’s cyber agenda. Politico. https://politi.co/3z72C5z

Gerasimov, V. (2019, 4 de marzo). Vektory razvitiya voennoy strategii [Vectors for the Development of Military Strategy]. Red Star. https://bit.ly/3sqYiww

Giumelli, F. (2016). The success of sanctions: lessons learned from the EU experience. Routledge.

Giumelli, F. (2013). How EU sanctions work. Chaillot papers, 129.

Giustozzi, C. (2019, 18 de abril). ENISA: The EU’s Guide to the Cybergalaxy. Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale. https://bit.ly/3yRDy22

Katzenstein, P. (1996). Introduction: Alternative perspectives on national security. En P. Katzenstein (ed), The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world ¡politics (pp. 1–32). Columbia University Press.

KPMG China. (2017). Overview of China’s Cybersecurity Law. KPMG. https://bit.ly/3svgANg

Kshetri, N. (2016). Quest to Cyber Superiority. Springer.

Lilly, B. & Cheravitch, J. (2020). The Past, Present, and Future of Russia’s Cyber Strategy and Forces. 2020 12th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon). https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon49761.2020.9131723

Lyu, J. (2019). Room for New Parnterships: A Chinese View on Europe’s Cybersecurity. Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale. https://bit.ly/3sqoR4Z

Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 40(2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353

Markopoulou, D., Papakonstantinou, V. & de Hert, P. (2019). The new EU cybersecurity framework: The NIS Directive, ENISA’s role and the General Data Protection Regulation. Computer Law & Security Review, 35(6), 105336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.06.007

McGregor, G. (2020, 30 de octubre). China’s new five-year plan has an ambitious aim: to become a self-sufficient, global tech superpower. Fortune. https://bit.ly/3EpzLKq

Portela, C. (2016a). How the EU learned to love sanctions. Connectivity wars, 36-42.

Portela, C. (2016b). Are European Union sanctions “targeted”? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 29(3), 912-929.

Renard, T. (2018). EU cyber partnerships: assessing the EU strategic partnerships with third countries in the cyber domain. European Politics and Society, 19(3), 321-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1430720

Schuetze, J. (2020, 25 de noviembre). EU-US Cybersecurity Policy Coming Together: Recommendations for instruments to accomplish joint strategic goals. EU Institute for Security Studies. https://bit.ly/3yTpmpo

Stenhammar, F. (2004). UN smart sanctions. Political reality and international law. En D. Amneus & K. Svanberg–Torpman (eds.), Peace and security. Current challenges in international law (pp. 145–175). Studentlitteratur.

Wunderlich, C. (2020). Rogue States as Norm Entrepreneurs. Springer International Publishing.

Manners, I. (2008). The normative ethics of the European Union. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944), 84(1), 45-60.

Manners, I. (2009). The Concept of Normative Power in World Politics. Institut for Internationale Studier / Dansk Center for Internationale Studier og Menneskerettigheder. https://bit.ly/3mthuG7

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2022 Análisis Jurídico - Político

Cómo citar

Kondrotas, L. . (2022). European Union policy and the use of the normative power regarding cybersecurity. Análisis Jurídico - Político, 4(7), 143-168. https://doi.org/10.22490/26655489.5504

Descargar cita

Almétricas

Captures

Readers: 2

see details

Métricas

Archivos descargados

339

| |