Derechos de autor 2025 Biociencias (UNAD)

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Microbiomas y salud humana
El microbioma humano desempeña un papel clave en la salud y la enfermedad, y su estudio ha permitido avances significativos en la medicina de precisión. Un microbioma saludable se caracteriza por una alta diversidad de microorganismos beneficiosos, mientras que las alteraciones en su composición pueden estar asociadas con diversas patologías, incluyendo el cáncer y enfermedades inflamatorias.
La investigación en este campo ha revelado que la microbiota no solo puede servir como biomarcador para el diagnóstico temprano de enfermedades, sino que también influye en la respuesta a los tratamientos, particularmente en terapias contra el cáncer. Tecnologías avanzadas, como la secuenciación de nueva generación, han facilitado la identificación de comunidades microbianas específicas y su relación con distintos órganos y condiciones de salud.
Uno de los principales desafíos es comprender la variabilidad del microbioma entre individuos y su impacto en la inflamación, el metabolismo y la respuesta inmunitaria. En este sentido, la medicina personalizada ha emergido como una estrategia innovadora, integrando información genética y microbioma para desarrollar terapias más efectivas y adaptadas a cada paciente.
El vínculo entre la microbiota y la oncología es particularmente relevante, ya que ciertos microorganismos pueden modular la progresión del cáncer y la eficacia de los tratamientos. La posibilidad de utilizar la microbiota como herramienta terapéutica abre nuevas perspectivas en la ciencia médica, posicionándola como un componente esencial en la evolución de la medicina de precisión.
de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Tarling EJ, Edwards PA (2013) Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism. Cell Metab 17:657–669
Albenberg LG, Wu GD (2014) Diet and the intestinal microbiome: associations, functions, and implications for health and disease. Gastroenterology 146:1564–1572
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorakova K, Garewal H (2005) Bile acids as carcinogens in human gastrointestinal cancers. Mutat Res 589:47–65
Booth LA, Gilmore IT, Bilton RF (1997) Secondary bile acid induced DNA damage in HT29 cells: are free radicals involved? Free Rad Res 26:135–144
Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Ghissassi FE, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Mattock H, Straif K, International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working, G (2015) Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol 16:1599–1600
Breitbart M, Haynes M, Kelley S, Angly F, Edwards RA, Felts B, Mahaffy JM, Mueller J, Nulton J, Rayhawk S, Rodriguez-Brito B, Salamon P, Rohwer F (2008) Viral diversity and dynamics in an infant gut. Res Microbiol 159:367–373
Buffie CG, Bucci V, Stein RR, McKenney PT, Ling L, Gobourne A, No D, Liu H, Kinnebrew M, Viale A, Littmann E, van den Brink MR, Jenq RR, Taur Y, Sander C, Cross JR, Toussaint NC, Xavier JB, Pamer EG (2015) Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile. Nature 517:205–208
Bultman SJ, Jobin C (2014) Microbial-derived butyrate: an oncometabolite or tumor-suppressive metabolite? Cell Host Microbe 16:143–145
Cani PD, Everard A (2015) Keeping gut lining at bay: impact of emulsifiers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26(6):273–274
Cani PD, de Vos WM (2017) Next-generation beneficial microbes: the case of Akkermansia muciniphila. Front Microbiol 8:1765
Chen J, Wright K, Davis JM, Jeraldo P, Marietta EV, Murray J, Nelson H, Matteson EL, Taneja V (2016) An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis. Genome Med 8:43
Cho SH, Jeon J, Kim SI (2012) Personalized medicine in breast cancer: a systematic review. J Breast Cancer 15:265–272
Comalada M, Bailon E, de Haro O, Lara-Villoslada F, Xaus J, Zarzuelo A, Galvez J (2006) The effects of short-chain fatty acids on colon epithelial proliferation and survival depend on the cellular phenotype. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 132:487–497
Contreras AV, Cocom-Chan B, Hernandez-Montes G, Portillo-Bobadilla T, Resendis-Antonio O (2016) Host-microbiome interaction and cancer: potential application in precision medicine. Front Physiol 7:606
Daillere R, Vetizou M, Waldschmitt N, Yamazaki T, Isnard C, Poirier-Colame V, Duong CPM, Flament C, Lepage P, Roberti MP, Routy B, Jacquelot N, Apetoh L, Becharef S, Rusakiewicz S, Langella P, Sokol H, Kroemer G, Enot D, Roux A, Eggermont A, Tartour E, Johannes L, Woerther PL, Chachaty E, Soria JC, Golden E, Formenti S, Plebanski M, Madondo M, Rosenstiel P, Raoult D, Cattoir V, Boneca IG, Chamaillard M, Zitvogel L (2016) Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis facilitate cyclophosphamide-induced therapeutic immunomodulatory effects. Immunity 45:931–943
Deehan EC, Walter J (2016) The fiber gap and the disappearing gut microbiome: implications for human nutrition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 27(5):239–242
Degnan PH, Taga ME, Goodman AL (2014) Vitamin B 12 as a modulator of gut microbial ecology. Cell Metab 20(5):769–778
DiDonato JA, Mercurio F, Karin M (2012) NF-kappaB and the link between inflammation and cancer. Immunol Rev 246:379–400
Font-Burgada J, Sun B, Karin M (2016) Obesity and cancer: the oil that feeds the flame. Cell Metab 23:48–62
Fraher MH, O’Toole PW, Quigley EM (2012) Techniques used to characterize the gut microbiota: a guide for the clinician. Nat Rev 9:312–322
Gagliani N, Hu B, Huber S, Elinav E, Flavell RA (2014) The fire within: microbes inflame tumors. Cell 157:776–783
Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D (2015) Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Physiol Rev 95:727–748
Garrett WS (2015) Cancer and the microbiota. Science (New York, NY) 348:80–86
Geller LT, Barzily-Rokni M, Danino T, Jonas OH, Shental N, Nejman D, Gavert N, Zwang Y, Cooper ZA, Shee K, Thaiss CA, Reuben A, Livny J, Avraham R, Frederick DT, Ligorio M, Chatman K, Johnston SE, Mosher CM, Brandis A, Fuks G, Gurbatri C, Gopalakrishnan V, Kim M, Hurd MW, Katz M, Fleming J, Maitra A, Smith DA, Skalak M, Bu J, Michaud M, Trauger SA, Barshack I, Golan T, Sandbank J, Flaherty KT, Mandinova A, Garrett WS, Thayer SP, Ferrone CR, Huttenhower C, Bhatia SN, Gevers D, Wargo JA, Golub TR, Straussman R (2017) Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Science (New York, NY) 357:1156–1160
Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Vazquez-Baeza Y, Van Treuren W, Ren B, Schwager E, Knights D, Song SJ, Yassour M, Morgan XC, Kostic AD, Luo C, Gonzalez A, McDonald D, Haberman Y, Walters T, Baker S, Rosh J, Stephens M, Heyman M, Markowitz J, Baldassano R, Griffiths A, Sylvester F, Mack D, Kim S, Crandall W, Hyams J, Huttenhower C, Knight R, Xavier RJ (2014) The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe 15:382–392
Gopalakrishnan V, Spencer CN, Nezi L, Reuben A, Andrews MC, Karpinets TV, Prieto PA, Vicente D, Hoffman K, Wei SC, Cogdill AP, Zhao L, Hudgens CW, Hutchinson DS, Manzo T, Petaccia de Macedo M, Cotechini T, Kumar T, Chen WS, Reddy SM, Szczepaniak Sloane R, Galloway-Pena J, Jiang H, Chen PL, Shpall EJ, Rezvani K, Alousi AM, Chemaly RF, Shelburne S, Vence LM, Okhuysen PC, Jensen VB, Swennes AG, McAllister F, Sanchez MR et al (2018) Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science (New York, NY) 359:97–103
Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, Program NCS, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Murray PR, Green ED, Turner ML, Segre JA (2009) Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science (New York, NY) 324:1190–1192
Grivennikov SI, Wang K, Mucida D, Stewart CA, Schnabl B, Jauch D, Taniguchi K, Yu GY, Osterreicher CH, Hung KE, Datz C, Feng Y, Fearon ER, Oukka M, Tessarollo L, Coppola V, Yarovinsky F, Cheroutre H, Eckmann L, Trinchieri G, Karin M (2012) Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated tumour growth. Nature 491:254–258
Gur C, Ibrahim Y, Isaacson B, Yamin R, Abed J, Gamliel M, Enk J, Bar-On Y, Stanietsky-Kaynan N, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Shussman N, Almogy G, Cuapio A, Hofer E, Mevorach D, Tabib A, Ortenberg R, Markel G, Miklic K, Jonjic S, Brennan CA, Garrett WS, Bachrach G, Mandelboim O (2015) Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack. Immunity 42:344–355
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646–674
Hinnebusch BF, Meng S, Wu JT, Archer SY, Hodin RA (2002) The effects of short-chain fatty acids on human colon cancer cell phenotype are associated with histone hyperacetylation. The Journal of nutrition 132:1012–1017
Holmes E, Li JV, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK (2012) Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. Cell Metab 16:559–564
Hughes R, Magee EA, Bingham S (2000) Protein degradation in the large intestine: relevance to colorectal cancer. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 1:51–58
Human Microbiome Project (2012) Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486:207–214
Iida N, Dzutsev A, Stewart CA, Smith L, Bouladoux N, Weingarten RA, Molina DA, Salcedo R, Back T, Cramer S, Dai RM, Kiu H, Cardone M, Naik S, Patri AK, Wang E, Marincola FM, Frank KM, Belkaid Y, Trinchieri G, Goldszmid RS (2013) Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science (New York, NY) 342:967–970
Jiang R, Wang H, Deng L, Hou J, Shi R, Yao M, Gao Y, Yao A, Wang X, Yu L, Sun B (2013) IL-22 is related to development of human colon cancer by activation of STAT3. BMC Cancer 13:59
Jobin C (2018) Precision medicine using microbiota. Science (New York, NY) 359:32–34
Kaliannan K, Wang B, Li XY, Bhan AK, Kang JX (2016) Omega-3 fatty acids prevent early-life antibiotic exposure-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and later-life obesity. Int J Obes. 40(6):1039
Kashyap PC, Chia N, Nelson H, Segal E, Elinav E (2017) Microbiome at the Frontier of personalized medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 92(12):1855–1864
Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI (2011) Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature 474:327–336
Kelly BJ, Imai I, Bittinger K, Laughlin A, Fuchs BD, Bushman FD, Collman RG (2016) Composition and dynamics of the respiratory tract microbiome in intubated patients. Microbiome 4:7
Khanna S, Montassier E, Schmidt B, Patel R, Knights D, Pardi DS, Kashyap P (2016) Gut microbiome predictors of treatment response and recurrence in primary Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 44:715–727
Klindworth A, Pruesse E, Schweer T et al (2013) Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res 41:e1
Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Nilsson A, Akrami R, Lee YS, De Vadder F, Arora T, Bäckhed F (2015) Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of prevotella. Cell Metab 22(6):971–982
Li X, Guo J, Ji K, Zhang P (2016) Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. Scientific Rep 6:32953
Ling Z, Kong J, Liu F, Zhu H, Chen X, Wang Y, Li L, Nelson KE, Xia Y, Xiang C (2010) Molecular analysis of the diversity of vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Genomics 11:488
Louis P, Hold GL, Flint HJ (2014) The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev 12:661–672
Matson V, Fessler J, Bao R, Chongsuwat T, Zha Y, Alegre ML, Luke JJ, Gajewski TF (2018) The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Science (New York, NY) 359:104–108
Miquel S, Leclerc M, Martin R, Chain F, Lenoir M, Raguideau S, Hudault S, Bridonneau C, Northen T, Bowen B, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Sokol H, Thomas M, Langella P (2015) Identification of metabolic signatures linked to anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. mBio 6:1
Morgan XC, Huttenhower C (2012) Chapter 12: human microbiome analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 8:e1002808
O’Hara AM, Shanahan F (2006) The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep 7:688–693
Pasolli E, Truong DT, Malik F, Waldron L, Segata N (2016) Machine learning meta-analysis of large metagenomic datasets: tools and biological insights. PLoS Comput Biol 12:e1004977
Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Tap J, Lepage P, Bertalan M, Batto JM, Hansen T, Le Paslier D, Linneberg A, Nielsen HB, Pelletier E, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Turner K, Zhu H, Yu C, Li S, Jian M, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Li S, Qin N, Yang H, Wang J, Brunak S, Dore J, Guarner F, Kristiansen K, Pedersen O, Parkhill J, Weissenbach J, Meta HITC, Bork P, Ehrlich SD, Wang J (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464:59–65
Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Glockner FO (2013) The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D590–596
Rajpoot M, Sharma AK, Sharma A, Gupta GK (2018) Understanding the microbiome: emerging biomarkers for exploiting the microbiota for personalized medicine against cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 52(Pt 1):1–8
Rintala A, Pietila S, Munukka E et al (2017) Gut microbiota analysis results are highly dependent on the 16S rRNA gene target region, whereas the impact of DNA extraction is minor. J Biomol Tech 28:19–30
Rintala A, Riikonen I, Toivonen A, Pietila S, Munukka E, Pursiheimo JP et al (2018) Early fecal microbiota composition in children who later develop celiac disease and associated autoimmunity. Scand J Gastroenterol 53:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2018.1444788
Routy B, Le Chatelier E, Derosa L, Duong CPM, Alou MT, Daillere R, Fluckiger A, Messaoudene M, Rauber C, Roberti MP, Fidelle M, Flament C, Poirier-Colame V, Opolon P, Klein C, Iribarren K, Mondragon L, Jacquelot N, Qu B, Ferrere G, Clemenson C, Mezquita L, Masip JR, Naltet C, Brosseau S, Kaderbhai C, Richard C, Rizvi H, Levenez F, Galleron N, Quinquis B, Pons N, Ryffel B, Minard-Colin V, Gonin P, Soria JC, Deutsch E, Loriot Y, Ghiringhelli F, Zalcman G, Goldwasser F, Escudier B, Hellmann MD, Eggermont A, Raoult D, Albiges L, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L (2018) Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science (New York, NY) 359:91–97
Rubinstein MR, Wang X, Liu W, Hao Y, Cai G, Han YW (2013) Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/beta-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 14:195–206
Russo E, Taddei A, Ringressi MN, Ricci F, Amedei A (2016) The interplay between the microbiome and the adaptive immune response in cancer development. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 9:594–605
Salonen A, de Vos WM (2014) Impact of diet on human intestinal microbiota and health. Ann Rev Food Sci Technol 5:239–262
Scher JU, Sczesnak A, Longman RS, Segata N, Ubeda C, Bielski C, Rostron T, Cerundolo V, Pamer EG, Abramson SB, Huttenhower C, Littman DR (2013) Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. eLife 2:e01202
Schwabe RF, Jobin C (2013) The microbiome and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 13:800–812
Seekatz AM, Rao K, Santhosh K, Young VB (2016) Dynamics of the fecal microbiome in patients with recurrent and nonrecurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Genome Med 8:47
Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LC, Finlay BB (2010) Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev 90:859–904
Shah N, Tang H, Doak TG, Ye Y (2010) Comparing bacterial communities inferred from 16 s rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. Pac Symp Biocomput 2011:165–176
Sivan A, Corrales L, Hubert N, Williams JB, Aquino-Michaels K, Earley ZM, Benyamin FW, Lei YM, Jabri B, Alegre ML, Chang EB, Gajewski TF (2015) Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science (New York, NY) 350:1084–1089
Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL (2014) Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab 20(5):779–786
De Spiegeleer B, Verbeke F, D’Hondt M, Hendrix A, Van De Wiele C, Burvenich C, Peremans K, De Wever O, Bracke M, Wynendaele E (2015) The quorum sensing peptides PhrG, CSP and EDF promote angiogenesis and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. PLoS ONE 10:e0119471
Stafford P, Cichacz Z, Woodbury NW, Johnston SA (2014) Immunosignature system for diagnosis of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:E3072–3080
Tan J, McKenzie C, Vuillermin PJ, Goverse G, Vinuesa CG, Mebius RE, Mackay CR (2016) Dietary fiber and bacterial SCFA enhance oral tolerance and protect against food allergy through diverse cellular pathways. Cell Rep 15(12):2809–2824
Truong DT, Franzosa EA, Tickle TL et al (2015) MetaPhlAn2 for enhanced metagenomic taxonomic profiling. Nat Methods 12:902–903
Tyler AD, Smith MI, Silverberg MS (2014) Analyzing the human microbiome: a “how to” guide for physicians. Am J Gastroenterol 109:983–993
Versalovic J, Dore J, Guarner F, Luna RA, Ringel Y (2017) Microbiome-based diagnostics: ready for applications in laboratory Medicine? Clin Chem 63(11):1674–1679
Viaud S, Saccheri F, Mignot G, Yamazaki T, Daillere R, Hannani D, Enot DP, Pfirschke C, Engblom C, Pittet MJ, Schlitzer A, Ginhoux F, Apetoh L, Chachaty E, Woerther PL, Eberl G, Berard M, Ecobichon C, Clermont D, Bizet C, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Cerf-Bensussan N, Opolon P, Yessaad N, Vivier E, Ryffel B, Elson CO, Dore J, Kroemer G, Lepage P, Boneca IG, Ghiringhelli F, Zitvogel L (2013) The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science (New York, NY) 342:971–976
Wacklin P, Kaukinen K, Tuovinen E, Collin P, Lindfors K, Partanen J, Maki M, Matto J (2013) The duodenal microbiota composition of adult celiac disease patients is associated with the clinical manifestation of the disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:934–941
Wallace BD, Wang H, Lane KT, Scott JE, Orans J, Koo JS, Venkatesh M, Jobin C, Yeh LA, Mani S, Redinbo MR (2010) Alleviating cancer drug toxicity by inhibiting a bacterial enzyme. Science (New York, NY) 330:831–835
Willing BP, Dicksved J, Halfvarson J, Andersson AF, Lucio M, Zheng Z, Jarnerot G, Tysk C, Jansson JK, Engstrand L (2010) A pyrosequencing study in twins shows that gastrointestinal microbial profiles vary with inflammatory bowel disease phenotypes. Gastroenterology 139(1844–1854):e1841
Willing B, Halfvarson J, Dicksved J, Rosenquist M, Jarnerot G, Engstrand L, Tysk C, Jansson JK (2009) Twin studies reveal specific imbalances in the mucosa-associated microbiota of patients with ileal Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15:653–660
Wynendaele E, Verbeke F, D’Hondt M, Hendrix A, Van De Wiele C, Burvenich C, Peremans K, De Wever O, Bracke M, De Spiegeleer B (2015) Crosstalk between the microbiome and cancer cells by quorum sensing peptides. Peptides 64:40–48
Zackular JP, Rogers MA, Ruffin MT, Schloss PD (2014) The human gut microbiome as a screening tool for colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Philadelphia, Pa) 7:1112–112
Derechos de autor 2025 Biociencias (UNAD)

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.