Biomarcadores emergentes para el diagnóstico, seguimiento y pronóstico de sepsis

Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest. 1992; 101(6): 1644-1655. https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)38415-X/abstract

Teggert A, Datta H, Ali Z. Biomarkers for point-of-care diagnosis of sepsis. Micromachines (Basel). 2020; 11(3):286. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7143187/

Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour C, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315(8):801-810. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4968574/

Lambden S, Laterre PF, Levy MM, Francois B. The SOFA score - Development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials. Crit Care. 2019; 23(1):374. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6880479/

Holgado AH, de Guadiana LG, Fernández-Carballido A, Otón DA. Biomarcadores empleados en sepsis: Un review. ANALES RANF. 2017; 83(2):175-187. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6661967

Molano Franco D, Gómez Duque M, Beltrán E, Villabón González M, Robayo Valbuena IF, Franco LF, et al. Medicina de precisión en sepsis: utilidad de los biomarcadores en pacientes biomarcadores en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Revista Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía. 2020; 29(2):75-83. https://revistas.fucsalud.edu.co/index.php/repertorio/article/view/973

Cortés JS, Fernández Cruz LX, Beltrán Zúñiga E, Narváez CF, Fonseca-Becerra CE. Sepsis neonatal: aspectos fisiopatológicos y biomarcadores. MÉD.UIS. 2019; 32(3):35-47. https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistamedicasuis/article/view/10249/10178

Londoño Agudelo JM, Niño Pulido CD, Hoyos Vanegas NA, Jaimes Barragán FA. Uso de biomarcadores en el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento de la sepsis. IATREIA. 2013; 26(4): 457-466.

https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/iatreia/article/view/14298

Samraj RS, Zingarelli B, Wong HR. Role of biomarkers in sepsis care. Shock. 2013; 40(5): 358–365. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3806047/

Jacobs L, Wong HR. Emerging infection and sepsis biomarkers: will they change current therapies?.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016; 14(10): 929–941. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5087989/

Balayan S, Chauhan N, Kumar P, Chandra R, Jain U. Fabrication of a sensing platform for identification of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a biomarker for neonatal sepsis. 3 Biotech. 2022; 12(1):37. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8733138/

Zhang W, Wang W, Hou W, Jiang C, Hu J, Sun L, et al. The diagnostic utility of IL-10, IL-17, and PCT in patients with sepsis infection. Front Public Health. 2022; (10):923457. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355284/

Ortiz Leyba C, Garnacho Montero J. Conocimientos Actuales En La Fisiopatología De La Sepsis. Med Intensiva. 2005; 29(3):135-41. https://medintensiva.org/es-conocimientos-actuales-fisiopatologia-sepsis-articulo-13074185

Potjo M, Theron AJ, Cockeran R, Sipholi NN, Steel HC, Bale T v, et al. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist distinguish between patients with sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Cytokine. 2019; 120: 227-233. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043466619301310?via%3Dihub

Bhattacharya S, Munshi C. Biological significance of C-reactive protein, the ancient acute phase functionary. Front Immunol. 2023; 14:1238411.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238411/full

Pohanka M. Diagnoses Based on C-Reactive Protein Point-of-Care Tests. Biosensors (Basel). 2022; 12(5):344. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9138282/

Plebani M. Why C-reactive protein is one of the most requested tests in clinical laboratories?. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023; 61(9):1540-1545.

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2023-0086/html

Hassan J, Khan S, Zahra R, Razaq A, Zain A, Razaq L, et al. Role of Procalcitonin and C-reactive Protein as Predictors of Sepsis and in Managing Sepsis in Postoperative Patients: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022; 14(11):e31067. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36475186/

Kushner I. C-reactive protein – My perspective on its first half century, 1930-1982. Front Immunol. 2023; 14:1150103.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150103/full

Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Bisdorff M, Marshall JC, Vincent JL. Biomarkers of sepsis: Time for a reappraisal. Crit Care.2020; 24(1):287. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7273821/

D’Onofrio V, Heylen D, Pusparum M, Grondman I, Vanwalleghem J, Meersman A, et al. A prospective observational cohort study to identify inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with sepsis. J Intensive Care. 2022; 10(1):13.

https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-022-00602-x

Cleland DA, Eranki AP. Procalcitonin. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; April 23, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539794/

Downes KJ, Fitzgerald JC, Weiss SL. Utility of Procalcitonin as a Biomarker for Sepsis in Children. J Clin Microbiol. 2020; 58(7):e01851-19.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7315022/

Cander B, Visneci EF, Karaoglan O, Cakmak F, Tuncar A, Taslidere B. Diagnostic and prognostic value of MR-pro ADM, procalcitonin, and copeptin in sepsis. Open Medicine. 2023;18(1): 20230865

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10787304/

Yang K, Fan M, Wang X, Xu J, Wang Y, Gill PS, et al. Lactate induces vascular permeability via disruption of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells during sepsis. Science Advances. 2022;8(17): eabm8965.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9045716/

Dartiguelongue JB. Biological significance and clinical utility of lactate in sepsis. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria. 2024; 122 (2): e202310149

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38153988/

Bakker J, Postelnicu R, Mukherjee V. Lactate: Where Are We Now?. Crit Care Clin. 2020;36(1):115-124. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733674/

Chaudhry S, Haroon F, Irfan Waheed KA, Victor G, Shahzad M, Fatima B. Blood Lactate Levels And Lactate Clearance As Predictors Of Mortality In Neonatal Sepsis. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2022;34(3):438-441.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36377152/

Santistevan León KM, Durán Pincay YE. Biomarcadores diagnósticos de sepsis y shock séptico. Revista Científica Arbitrada Multidisciplinaria Pentaciencias. 2023; 5 (3):413–23. https://editorialalema.org/index.php/pentaciencias/article/view/558

Pregernig A, Müller M, Held U, Beck-Schimmer B. Prediction of mortality in adult patients with sepsis using six biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):125. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6841861/

Nasr El-Din A, Abdel-Gawad AR, Abdelgalil W, Fahmy NF. Evaluation of sTREM1 and suPAR Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Predictors in Sepsis Patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:3495-3507.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8418360/

Huang Q, Xiong H, Yan P, Shuai T, Liu J, Zhu L, et al. The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of suPAR in Patients with Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Shock. 2020;53(4):416-425.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7069396/

Efat A, Shoeib SA, Arafa AF, Dawod AA, Abd ElHafez MA, Abd ElMohsen EA, et al.Thrombo-inflammatory biomarkers to predict sepsis outcome. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021;35:20587384211048561.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8521754/

Bonenfant J, Li J, Nasouf L, Miller J, Lowe T, Jaroszewski L,et al. Resistin Concentration in Early Sepsis and All-Cause Mortality at a Safety-Net Hospital in Riverside County. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:3925-3940.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9289958/

Ebihara T, Matsumoto H, Matsubara T, Matsuura H, Hirose T, Shimizu K, et al. Adipocytokine Profile Reveals Resistin Forming a Prognostic-Related Cytokine Network in the Acute Phase of Sepsis. Shock. 2021;56(5):718-726.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33606478/

Bonaventura A, Carbone F, Vecchié A, Meessen J, Ferraris S, Beck E, et al. The role of resistin and myeloperoxidase in severe sepsis and septic shock: Results from the ALBIOS trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(10):e13333.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eci.13333

Fidalgo P, Nora D, Coelho L, Povoa P. Pancreatic Stone Protein: Review of a New Biomarker in Sepsis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(4):1085.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8880320/

Bottari G, Caruso M, Paionni E, De Luca M, Romani L, Pisani M, et al. Accuracy of Pancreatic Stone Protein for diagnosis of sepsis in children admitted to pediatric intensive care or high-dependency care: a pilot study. Ital J Pediatr. 2023;49(1):134.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10559422/

Niggemann P, Rittirsch D, Buehler PK, Schweizer R, Giovanoli P, Reding T, et al. Incidence and Time Point of Sepsis Detection as Related to Different Sepsis Definitions in Severely Burned Patients and Their Accompanying Time Course of Pro-Inflammatory Biomarkers. J Pers Med. 2021;11(8):701.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34442346/

Klein HJ, Niggemann P, Buehler PK, Lehner F, Schweizer R, Rittirsch D, et al. Pancreatic Stone Protein Predicts Sepsis in Severely Burned Patients Irrespective of Trauma Severity: A Monocentric Observational Study. Ann Surg. 2021;274(6):e1179-e1186. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/186091/

de Hond TAP, Oosterheert JJ, van Hemert-Glaubitz SJM, Musson REA, Kaasjager KAH. Pancreatic Stone Protein as a Biomarker for Sepsis at the Emergency Department of a Large Tertiary Hospital. Pathogens. 2022;11(5):559.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9145478/

Pugin J, Daix T, Pagani JL, Morri D, Giacomucci A, Dequin PF, et al. Serial measurement of pancreatic stone protein for the early detection of sepsis in intensive care unit patients: a prospective multicentric study. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):151.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8056692/

Antari V, Skoura L, Hatzipantelis E, Tsinopoulou VR, Papakonstantinou K, Protonotariou E, et al. Kinetics and Role of Pancreatic Stone Protein and Midregional Proadrenomedullin as Predictors of Sepsis and Bacteremia in Children with Hematological Malignancies. Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases. 2023;15(1): e2023065. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38028393/

Filippidis P, Hovius L, Tissot F, Orasch C, Flückiger U, Siegemund M, et al. Serial monitoring of pancreatic stone protein for the detection of sepsis in intensive care unit patients with complicated abdominal surgery: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study. J Crit Care. 2024;82:154772. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883-9441(24)00259-4

Prazak J, Irincheeva I, Llewelyn MJ, Stolz D, García de Guadiana Romualdo L, Graf R, et al. Accuracy of pancreatic stone protein for the diagnosis of infection in hospitalized adults: a systematic review and individual patient level meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):182. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8164316/

Saleh NY, Aboelghar HM, Garib MI, Rizk MS, Mahmoud AA. Pediatric sepsis diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers: pancreatic stone protein, copeptin, and apolipoprotein A-V. Pediatr Res. 2023;94(2):668-675.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10382317/

Schneider JE, Dick K, Cooper JT, Chami N. Pancreatic stone protein point-of-care testing can reduce healthcare expenditure in sepsis. Health Econ Rev. 2022;12(1):39.

https://healtheconomicsreview.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13561-022-00381-z

Lemańska-Perek A, Krzyżanowska-Gołąb D, Skalec T, Adamik B. Plasma and Cellular Forms of Fibronectin as Prognostic Markers in Sepsis. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:8364247. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7416265/

Lemańska-Perek A, Adamik B. Fibronectin and its soluble EDA-FN isoform as biomarkers for inflammation and sepsis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(11):1561-1567.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31596557/

Yuan X, Wu Y, Lin J, Weng Q, Wu L, Yang S, et al. Plasma fibronectin can affect the cytokine profile and monocytes/macrophages function in addition to predicting the prognosis of advanced sepsis. FASEB J. 2022;36(3):e22179.

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fj.202100760RRR

Yañez Palma MC, Roman F, Llopis-Roca F, Fragiel M, Julián Jiménez A, Martín-Sánchez FJ, et al. Utility of the medial region of pro-adrenomodulin for the detection of true bacteremia in elderly patients treated in the emergency department for suspected infection. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2024;37(1):78-87.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10874664/

Spoto S, Basili S, Cangemi R, D'Avanzo G, Lupoi DM, Romiti GF, et al. Mid-Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin Can Predict Organ Failure and Prognosis in Sepsis?. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(24):17429. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10743785/

Godínez-Vidal AR, Carrillo-Esper R, Cabello-Aguilera R. Biomarcadores y endotipos en la sepsis. Nuevas evidencias. Biomarkers and sepsis endotypes. New evidence. Cir Cir. 2021;89(4):553-558. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34352878/

Di Somma S, Magrini L, Travaglino F, Lalle I, Fiotti N, Cervellin G, et al. Opinion paper on innovative approach of biomarkers for infectious diseases and sepsis management in the emergency department. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51(6):1167-1175. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23392907/

Bengnér J, Quttineh M, Gäddlin PO, Salomonsson K, Faresjö M. Serum amyloid A - A prime candidate for identification of neonatal sepsis. Clin Immunol. 2021;229:108787.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521661621001248?via%3Dihub

Tang Y, Ling N, Li S, Huang J, Zhang W, Zhang A, et al. A panel of urine-derived biomarkers to identify sepsis and distinguish it from systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20794.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8531286/

Li M, Qin YJ, Zhang XL, Zhang CH, Ci RJ, Chen W, et al. A biomarker panel of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and serum amyloid A is a predictor of sepsis in severe trauma patients. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):628.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10770317/

Cui N, Zhang YY, Sun T, Lv XW, Dong XM, Chen N. Utilizing procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A in combination for diagnosing sepsis due to urinary tract infection. Int Urol Nephrol. 2024;56(7):2141-2146.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376659/

Chi Y, Yu S, Yin J, Liu D, Zhuo M, Li X. Role of Angiopoietin/Tie2 System in Sepsis: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2024;30:10760296241238010. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10921858/

Sack KD, Kellum JA, Parikh SM. The Angiopoietin-Tie2 Pathway in Critical Illness. Crit Care Clin. 2020;36(2):201-216. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8843037/

Thanh Duyen LT, Manh BV, Phuong Thao TT, Khanh LV, Linh Trang BN, Giang NT, et al. Prognostic significance of the angiopoietin-2 for early prediction of septic shock in severe sepsis patients. Future Sci OA. 2023;8(10):FSO825.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9979161/

Lymperopoulou K, Velissaris D, Kotsaki A, Antypa E, Georgiadou S, Tsaganos T, et al. Angiopoietin-2 associations with the underlying infection and sepsis severity. Cytokine. 2015;73(1):163-168.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043466615000411?via%3Dihub

Seol CH, Yong SH, Shin JH, Lee SH, Leem AY, Park MS, et al. The ratio of plasma angiopoietin-2 to angiopoietin-1 as a prognostic biomarker in patients with sepsis. Cytokine. 2020;129:155029.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043466620300454?via%3Dihub

Rosenberger CM, Wick KD, Zhuo H, Wu N, Chen Y, Kapadia SB, et al. Early plasma angiopoietin-2 is prognostic for ARDS and mortality among critically ill patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):234.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10261831/

Karampela I, Christodoulatos GS, Vallianou N, Tsilingiris D, Chrysanthopoulou E, Skyllas G, et al. Circulating Chemerin and Its Kinetics May Be a Useful Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis: A Prospective Study. Biomolecules. 2022;12(2):301. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8869693/

Ferland DJ, Mullick AE, Watts SW. Chemerin as a Driver of Hypertension: A Consideration. Am J Hypertens. 2020;33(11):975-986. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7759724/

Treeck O, Buechler C, Ortmann O. Chemerin and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3750. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6695761/

Horn P, Metzing UB, Steidl R, Romeike B, Rauchfuß F, Sponholz C, et al. Chemerin in peritoneal sepsis and its associations with glucose metabolism and prognosis: a translational cross-sectional study. Crit Care. 2016;20:39. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4751629/

Amend P, Mester P, Schmid S, Müller M, Buechler C, Pavel V. Plasma Chemerin Is Induced in Critically Ill Patients with Gram-Positive Infections. Biomedicines. 2023;11(7):1779. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376393/

Wang G, Jiang C, Fang J, Li Z, Cai H. Pentraxin-3 as a predictive marker of mortality in sepsis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):167.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9175505/

Cui N, Chen Z, Yu Z, Lv X, Hu Z. PTX3 mediates PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling to downregulate apoptosis and autophagy to attenuate myocardial injury in sepsis. PeerJ. 2024;12:e17263. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11114122/

Perez-San Martin S, Suberviola B, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Lavin BA, Campos S, Santibañez M. Prognostic value of plasma pentraxin 3 levels in patients with septic shock admitted to intensive care. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0243849. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7728227/

Protti A, Meessen J, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Milani A, Bacci M, et al. Circulating pentraxin 3 in severe COVID-19 or other pulmonary sepsis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2021;51(5):e13530.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7995110/

Chen H, Li T, Yan S, Liu M, Liu K, Zhang H, et al. Pentraxin-3 Is a Strong Biomarker of Sepsis Severity Identification and Predictor of 90-Day Mortality in Intensive Care Units via Sepsis 3.0 Definitions. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(10):1906.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8534382/

Song J, Park DW, Moon S, Cho HJ, Park JH, Seok H, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of interleukin-6, pentraxin 3, and procalcitonin levels among sepsis and septic shock patients: a prospective controlled study according to the Sepsis-3 definitions. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):968.

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4618-7

Davoudian S, Piovani D, Desai A, Mapelli SN, Leone R, Sironi M, et al. A cytokine/PTX3 prognostic index as a predictor of mortality in sepsis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:979232. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9521428/

Tian R, Wang X, Pan T, Li R, Wang J, Liu Z, et al. Plasma PTX3, MCP1 and Ang2 are early biomarkers to evaluate the severity of sepsis and septic shock. Scand J Immunol. 2019;90(6):e12823. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6900011/

Theobald V, Schmitt FCF, Middel CS, Gaissmaier L, Brenner T, Weigand MA. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in sepsis, and current insights into clinical studies. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):17.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10775509/

Nasr El-Din A, Abdel-Gawad AR, Abdelgalil W, Fahmy NF. Evaluation of sTREM1 and suPAR Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Predictors in Sepsis Patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:3495-3507.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8418360/

Smok B, Domagalski K, Pawłowska M. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of IL-6 and sTREM-1 in SIRS and Sepsis in Children. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:8201585.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7327583/

Dholariya S, Parchwani DN, Singh R, Radadiya M, Katoch CDS. Utility of P-SEP, sTREM-1 and suPAR as Novel Sepsis Biomarkers in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2022;37(2):131-138.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8494168/

Kung CT, Su CM, Hsiao SY, Chen FC, Lai YR, Huang CC, et al. The Prognostic Value of Serum Soluble TREM-1 on Outcome in Adult Patients with Sepsis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(11):1979. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8625818/