Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental
e- ISSN: 2145-6453 ISSN: 2145-6097 Editor: Gerardo Ojeda Co-editor: Margarita Rosa Bonilla Ospina Started: 2009 (ROAD) Periodicity: Biannual Country: Colombia Language: Spanish DOI: https://doi.org/10.22490/issn.2145-6453 Publindex: Categoría B The Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental (RIAA)) is an official publication of the School of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences (ECAPMA) of the National Open and Distance University (UNAD), intended to publish articles resulting from original research in the Agrarian, Environmental and related areas. Since its inception in 2009, the RIAA has established itself as a channel that encourages collaboration between researchers, through the dissemination and transfer of knowledge, demonstrating its positioning thanks to its indexing in national and international databases and its commitment to what is now known as the new knowledge society.
When RIAA receives the postulation of an original by its author, either through email or post mail, considers that it can be published in physical and/or electronic format and facilitates its inclusion in databases, newspaper archives and other systems and indexing process. RIAA authorizes the reproduction and citation of the Journal’s material, provided that explicitly indicates journal name, the authors, the article title, volume, number and pages. The ideas and concepts expressed in the articles are responsibility of the authors and in no case reflect the institutional policies of the UNAD.
Molecular Markers and Genetic Diversity in Rabbits: Tools for Improvement and Conservation
Contextualization: Genetic diversity in rabbits is a fundamental component for ensuring population health and optimizing productive traits. This variability reduces the risk of diseases associated with the homozygosity of harmful recessive alleles and improves carcass quality. Globally, countries such as China, Italy, Spain, and France lead rabbit production, while in America, both consumption and production remain limited. Due to its nutritional properties high protein content, low cholesterol levels, and significant contributions of vitamins and minerals rabbit meat represents a healthy alternative to other animal protein sources. Knowledge gap: Despite the growing body of literature, important gaps remain in terms of geographic coverage and breed representation. Most studies have been conducted in Europe, Asia, and North Africa, with limited information from the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Oceania. Furthermore, there is a tendency to focus on commercial breeds, to the detriment of local or breeds, whose genetic diversity and adaptability are still poorly explored. This situation limits a comprehensive understanding of the genetic heritage of rabbits. Purpose: Conduct a systematic review of the most widely used molecular techniques for analyzing genetic diversity in rabbits, in order to identify the most effective methodologies for strengthening sustainable rabbit production. Methodology: A systematic review of articles available in specialized databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was carried out. Predefined inclusion criteria were applied, and the extracted data were organized and analyzed descriptively. Excel and Canva were used for the graphical presentation of results. Results and conclusions: The results show a predominance in the use of microsatellites, followed by mitochondrial DNA, SNPs, WGS, and, to a lesser extent, dominant markers such as ISSR, SCoT, and AFLP. It is concluded that, although new techniques are emerging, microsatellites continue to be the most widely applied markers in population genetics studies in rabbits.
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Impact of land use change on surface runoff and hydraulic conductivity: a case study in the Baché River basin, Huila (2004-2024)
Contextualization: The study analyzed surface runoff variations in the Baché River basin (Huila, Colombia) caused by land-use changes over three periods (2004, 2014, 2024). Knowledge gap: Integrated analyses of how forest conversion to agriculture affected the hydrological response in volcanic soils (Andisols and Inceptisols) were lacking, despite covering 49.8% of the basin. Objective: To evaluate the impact of changes in vegetation cover on hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and runoff, using hydrological models and satellite data. Methodology: Landsat image processing (4/7/8, 30 m) in ArcGIS; digitalization of digital elevation models. HEC-HMS modeling was used to generate hydrological scenarios, and Ks was calculated, and flow rates were compared. Results: Progressive reduction in Ks: 2.1 mm/h (2004) to 1.59 mm/h (2024); Increase in runoff: 899 m³/s (2004, 44.29% forest) to 1619 m³/s (2024, 70.9% agriculture), with a greater impact on volcanic soils near the drainage network. Conclusions: Forest conversion has reduced soil water retention capacity by 47% in 20 years. The integrated GIS modeling approach has proven effective in assessing hydrological impacts, highlighting the need for volcanic soil conservation policies.
Multitemporal assessment of land cover in the municipality of Aipe, Huila, Colombia, and its civil society nature reserves over the past 30 years
Contextualization: Anthropogenic activities are responsible for the transformation of ecosystems, visibly altering their ecological structure and functionality. In Colombia, one of the most impacted biomes by these transformations is the Tropical Dry Forest, which is restricted to limited areas of the country. The municipality of Aipe harbors remnants of this ecosystem, standing out for its ecological relevance and urgent need for conservation. Knowledge gap: Despite the acknowledged presence of Tropical Dry Forest in Aipe, there remains a gap in knowledge regarding the dynamics of its vegetation cover over the past decades, particularly in relation to the impacts of human activities and desertification processes. This limitation constrains the understanding of landscape transformations and hinders the development of effective conservation and management strategies. In this context, generating updated information to accurately assess vegetation cover changes is a priority for guiding local-scale environmental management decisions. Purpose: To assess the vegetation cover of the municipality of Aipe and its Civil Society Nature Reserves through a 30-year multitemporal analysis using Geographic Information Systems. Methodology: Supervised classification was applied using the Maximum Likelihood algorithm, complemented by analyses of the fragmentation index, connectivity, and transition matrices of forest cover. The analyses were performed in QGIS version 3.28 with the Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP) version 7.10.11. Results and conclusions: Between 1992 and 2022, Aipe experienced a decline in forest cover from 41.6% to 34.1% (−5,993 ha), while grasslands and agricultural areas progressively expanded, confirming agricultural development as the main driver of landscape transformation. The analysis revealed that forests were initially replaced by herbaceous vegetation (1992–2010) and subsequently by pastures (2010–2022), with statistically significant changes. The fragmentation index showed a progressive deterioration (R² = 0.9229), indicating a loss of connectivity and a trend toward patch insularization. In the Civil Society Nature Reserves (RNSC), vegetation cover exhibited greater initial stability; however, between 2010 and 2022, a marked increase in pastures was detected.
Comprehensive use of cocoa shell (Theobroma cacao L.) for the production of an infusion at the Fuentes chocolate microenterprise
Contextualization: The cocoa agribusiness, particularly the use of its by-products, has been the object of growing interest due to the demands of sustainability and the optimization of resources in food production. Cocoa husks (Theobroma cacao L.), a commonly discarded by-product, contain bioactive properties and may represent a potential source of innovative products. However, its use is still limited in the food industry, especially in the production of infusions, which poses an opportunity to explore its potential. Knowledge gap: There are few studies on the feasibility of using cocoa husks as a raw material for the production of infusions, which leaves a knowledge gap regarding its organoleptic properties, health benefits and the economic impact of its production. In addition, there is insufficient information on its market acceptance or effectiveness compared to other traditional infusion products. Purpose: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the integral use of cocoa husks for the production of an infusion, analyzing its organoleptic properties, its health benefits, the economic viability in a microenterprise and the acceptance of consumers. Methodology: Experimental applied research was used. To this end, physical-chemical and microbiological analyses of the cocoa husk infusion were carried out. In addition, sensory tests were carried out through a tasting panel to evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of the product. The study was complemented with an economic analysis, calculating production costs, and a consumer survey to measure the acceptance of the product in the market. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the cocoa husk infusion has a good acceptance in terms of flavor and aroma, with physical-chemical parameters that comply with food safety standards. In addition, microbiological analyses confirmed that the product is safe for consumption. In economic terms, it was concluded that the production of the infusion is viable and profitable for a microenterprise, which suggests that the use of cocoa husks is a sustainable and economical option. The study makes a significant contribution to the literature on the use of agro-industrial by-products, demonstrating that cocoa husks can be a valuable resource for the production of infusions.
Influence of the region and roasting in the identification of functional groups of Colombian coffees by infrared spectroscopy
Knowledge gap: Currently, it is uncertain how roasting, and region affect the presence of functional groups that can be associated with the presence of specific bioactive compounds in the grain. Therefore, infrared spectrophotometry techniques emerge as the methodologies for rapid and presumptive analysis of coffee quality. Results and conclusions: of the spectra, 14 bands were identified with functional groups of interest that relate the presence of chemical compounds. Among these were found alcohols, aromatic rings, caffeine, lipids, aldehydes, esters, organic acids (chlorogenic), trigonelline, aliphatic acids and carbohydrates. Of the influence of roasting and region on the presence of functional groups, the coffees of Cauca (mild roasting), Santander (balanced roasting) and Caldas (strong roasting) were the ones with the highest vibration in the 14 peaks found in relation to their homonyms. However, the principal component analysis showed that mild roast coffees (Tolima, Nariño and Cauca) and Caldas in strong roasting were the ones with the greatest influence on the compounds associated with the functional groups found. Cauca and Caldas are the predominant in the functional groups, indicating that the region and the roasting significantly affect the presence of functional groups and the internal composition of the grain.
Conidial germination and in vitro mycelial growth of Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003) with potato agrochemicals
Contextualization: Different pests affect potato crop production and given the trends towards sustainable agricultural production; it is important to implement management alternatives that allow to reduce the use of chemical agro-inputs. Knowledge gap: The negative impact that the different agrochemicals used in potato cultivation may have on the growth of Trichoderma koningiopsis Th003, the active ingredient of the biopesticide Tricotec® WG, is unknown. Purpose: To evaluate in vitro the effect of agrochemicals used in potato cultivation on mycelial growth and germination of conidia of T. koningiopsis Th003, with a view to establishing recommendations for the use of the biopesticide. Methodology: The effect on mycelial growth was evaluated on PDA agar supplemented with each i.a. at the higher dose recommended in the data sheet. The effect on conidia germination was performed by suspending them in solutions of each agrochemical for one hour and then seeding on water agar. Results and conclusions: Insecticides such as Acephate, Bifenthrin, Chlorantraniliprole, Chlorfenapyr, Fipronil, Methomyl, Phenthoate, Lambdacyhalothrin-Tiamethoxam, and Thiamethoxam-Chlorantraniliprole, the bactericide based oxolinic acid and the fungicide N-Alkyl Benzyl and all fertilizers (except Boron Ethanolamine, inhibiting mycelial growth by 22% and conidial germination by 34%) did not inhibit the growth of T. koningiopsis Th003. The bactericides based on gentamicin sulfate and oxytetracycline can be considered moderately compatible given their relative inhibitory effect on germination, as well as the fungicide Thiophanate-methyl. The fungicides Pyraclostrobin-Fluxapyroxad and Azoxystrobin-Mancozeb, the disinfectants Benzalkonium chloride+surfactants and the Iodine complex inhibited the growth and germination of fungal conidia. Potassium Silicate and Ethoxylated Alcohol-Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether adjuvants did not inhibit germination.
Geospatial analysis of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in the mining corridor of Cesar, Colombia
Contextualization: The decrease in the levels of surface water bodies and the growing demand for consumption in the northern regions of the Colombian Caribbean has generated a significant increase in the search for groundwater sources for its supply and use, but the lack of control and monitoring mechanisms for the quality of these water sources has generated negative effects on the health and wellbeing of the communities that benefit from the precious liquid. Knowledge gap: The lack of resources, plans and methodologies for the control and monitoring of the quality of groundwater sources in the department of Cesar by the environmental authorities has generated a lack of knowledge of the current status in many of its regions, so the implementation of new mathematical and statistical tools applied to the geoprocessing of existing and field data could help to generate new information of interest for the control and monitoring of this resource. Purpose: The objective of this research is to generate a strategy based on geoprocessing and spatial analysis of data using the simple krigging technique, using data of physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity and temperature) present in groundwater samples in municipalities of the mining corridor of the department of Cesar, in order to generate predictive models through heat maps, which allow observing the areas with the best potential for the use of these water sources in the region. Methodology: Three in situ samples were taken randomly from groundwater wells in the municipalities of Becerril, La Jagua de Ibirico and El Paso in the department of Cesar for laboratory processing and to determine their physicochemical parameters associated with pH, conductivity and temperature, after which the results were compared with the prediction models developed from a database of 200 sampling points in the study area, in order to compare the laboratory results with the proposed prediction model. Results and conclusions: The results of the geospatial analysis of the physicochemical parameters of groundwater in municipalities of the mining corridor of Cesar, revealed that the municipalities of Agustin Codazzi and Becerril have the largest number of active wells in their different uses (agricultural, industrial, domestic and public supply), in addition to having the best physicochemical conditions in terms of pH values, electrical conductivity and temperature, while the municipalities of La Jagua de Ibirico and Chiriguana have the worst conditions according to the physicochemical characteristics of the water samples analyzed, making the treatment alternatives much more expensive for their potential uses, and at the same time these groundwater sources are little desired by people for their various uses in these areas, so the active monitoring of the characteristics of these water sources is essential to know their potential use and preference by the people of the region under study.
Temporal dynamics of trophic habits and microplastic incidence in catfish (Ariidae) in the bay of Buenaventura, Colombian Pacific
Contextualization: The bay of Buenaventura shows evidence of microplastic pollution, which makes this contaminant available to interact with fish such as catfish, on which local communities depend as a source of income and livelihood. Knowledge gap: In the bay of Buenaventura, little has been explored regarding the changes in feeding habits and the incidence of microplastics caused by temporal variations. Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the temporal variations in trophic ecology and microplastic incidence in four species of catfish. Methodology: Four samplings were carried out at different times and in different areas of the estuary. Measurements of the water's physicochemical parameters were taken, and fish samples were collected using three types of artisanal fishing gear: handline, trawl net and gillnet. Stomach content was analysed and the presence of microplastics was detected. Results and conclusions: It was found that crustaceans were constant prey for all species, while detritus was only consumed by C. multiradiatus and N. troschelli. Additionally, for the species C. multiradiatus and C. manglarensis, a positive correlation was observed between the ingestion of crustaceans and salinity, which is associated with more marine conditions that favor the abundance and diversity of crustaceans. In contrast, for B. panamensis, a negative correlation was found between crustacean consumption and salinity and transparency, suggesting that it mainly feeds in the inner estuary zone to reduce competition for resources. Microplastic ingestion was observed in all four species: B. panamensis (13%), N. troschelli (11%), C. multiradiatus (10%), and C. manglarensis (9%). Juveniles showed the highest ingestion during the dry season (0.2 ± 0.1 particles per individual), while adults showed higher ingestion during the rainy season (0.4 ± 0.1 particles per individual). These results raise growing concerns about the sustainability of fishing in the Pacific region
Evaluation of different fertilization strategies in the control of stem cracking in alstroemeria variety ‘Bali’
Contextualization: Alstroemeria is a flower with great beauty, a wide range of colors, a long vase life, and a growing popularity worldwide. Knowledge gap: One of the main problems affecting cut flowers' quality in alstroemeria cultivation is the longitudinal cracking of the stem present during the first weeks of growth, which causes a loss of production and commercial quality. Purpose: The objective was to evaluate different fertilization strategies to control stem cracking in the alstroemeria variety ‘Bali.’ Methodology: Using a completely randomized experimental design, five treatments were evaluated: control with conventional fertilization, treatment with additional irrigation, additional urea, additional foliar fertilization based on Ca, B, K, and P, and the last with additional potassium sulfate, whose application was carried out one week after sowing. Results and conclusions: The application of potassium sulfate showed the highest values ​​of stem diameter with 0.835 cm. The number of flowers per stem was not significantly affected. However, the application of potassium sulfate showed higher values ​​of 7.38 flowers per stem at 27 weeks after sowing. Additional foliar fertilization with calcium, boron, potassium, and phosphorus was significantly affected by increasing production and reducing the percentage of cracked stems in the Alstroemeria crop. It is essential to distribute the quantities of nitrogen in a greater number of applications during the development of the crop to avoid disproportionate growth of the stem and prevent physiopathies.
Effect of the use of microorganisms on physical and sensory quality in cocoa in northern Huila
Contextualization: the use of microorganisms in fermentation is an option to potentiate aroma and flavor precursors. These benefits depend on the genetic material of the cocoa, fruit maturity, post-harvest handling, fermentation protocol, drying and roasting. Knowledge gap: validation of practices such as the use of microorganisms in northern Huila during fermentation, providing information on the benefits in physical quality and development of aroma and flavor precursors in cocoa. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the use of microorganisms on the physical and sensory quality of cocoa in northern Huila, under normal fermentation, pre-drying and pre-drying conditions. Methodology: evaluations were carried out in six fermentation treatments comprising pre-drying, pre-drying and addition of two types of commercial yeasts Lalcocoa Forte™ and Lalcocoa Matunda™ of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae strain; plus a control. Temperature, pH and Brix degrees were determined during the fermentation days. To determine these parameters, 15 cocoa beans were randomly selected from the fermentation boxes and taken to the food analysis laboratory for physical and sensory analysis. Likewise, the physical quality of the cocoa beans was evaluated through the cut test, where desired beans (completely fermented) and undesired beans (unfermented, slaty, sprouted) were identified according to the classification of NTC 1252 of 2021. The sensory analysis was developed with a cupping panel following the Cacao de Excelencia methodology. Results and conclusions: the average conversion from wet to dry cocoa was 33,31%±0,66; with variations between 29 to 38,2%. The average bean index was 1,06, which corresponds to standard cocoa beans. The ranges for this variable were between 0,79 to 1,74; covering the three classifications found in NTC 1252 of 2021, premium (>120), standard (95-120) and current (<95). The desired (sufficiently fermented) and undesired (insufficiently fermented plus defects) grains did not present statistical difference between the means of the treatments (p > 0,05). The sensory analysis was developed using Ward's method and Gower's distance, where four groups were generated with a cophenetic correlation of 78,2 %, showing similarity and closeness between them according to the variables evaluated. Cluster 3 stands out for developing a better average balance between the main attributes (cocoa: 4,67; acidity: 4,67; bitterness: 3,67 and astringency: 3-3,67) and a higher overall quality score (between 6,17 and 6,5). The principal component analysis visualizes the main variables evaluated in the sensory analysis, which explains 70,6% of the variability of the data in CP1 and CP2. It is evident that T3, T4 and T5 presented greater diversity of complementary flavors.
Inoculation effect of three microorganisms on growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under water deficit
Contextualization: Pea is a commercially important legume in Colombia that is distinguished for its nutritional content. Therefore, it is relevant to search for strategies to improve pea yield sustainably with the environment under several conditions. Knowledge gap: The effect of multiple plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) on the Santa Isabel pea variety under different irrigation conditions is unknown. Purpose: To determine the effect of the microorganisms Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma koningiopsis on the growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in optimal water conditions and under water stress. Methodology: A factorial design was carried out where seed inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma koningiopsis or the absence of these and the application of irrigation during the crop growth cycle of 50 %CC and 100 %CC were evaluated. Results and conclusions: PGPM inoculated on seeds of the variety Santa Isabel does not diminish the effects of water stress at 50 %CC. Pea seeds inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens is promising under more favorable irrigation conditions (100 %CC) by increasing root dry weight, irrigation use efficiency and both green and dry yield.
Carbon capture in soils under three plant covers in the Boyacá páramos complexs
Contextualization: The moors are ecosystems with a great environmental variety and a series of important ecological aspects for the development of exploitable capacities based on the living beings that are immersed in them, and that with anthropic actions alter the conditions of sustainability of the natural synergistic processes; which are essential for the formation of the moor that generates a large amount of water and achieves the capture of atmospheric carbon, which decreases climate change. Knowledge gap: The diversity of moors in the country represents an opportunity to advance in the study of variability in terms of the capture of organic carbon with respect to the use of soils and plant covers, which are fundamental ecosystems for the survival of the population, which happens to be the same cause of activities that alter the conditions of the carbon capture processes, whose study is essential to expand the knowledge of the causes and effects on the natural environment. Purpose: To evaluate and determine the variability in organic carbon capture in relation to the use of soils and vegetation cover present in three paramo systems: Iguaque Merchán, Guantiva la Rusia and Cocuy, located in Boyacá. Methodology: Sampling plots were established in three specific areas (intervened, in recovery and non-intervened) within the 500 pilot hectares designated for this study. A type of soil sampling was carried out at two depth levels (0-15 and 15-30 centimeters) for a later analysis of the amount of organic carbon in the laboratory, applying a Walkley Black method. Results and conclusions: Results were obtained indicating that of the three paramo complexes, Guantiva and La Rusia obtained the highest organic carbon values, as follows: Recovery (87.95 t.ha-1 C), Intervened (95.03 t.ha-1 C) and Non-intervened (144.93 t.ha-1 C). This showed the harmful effects produced by anthropic activities on a soil of high mountain biodiversity, which are identified as important carbon sinks and agents that prevent the release of the gas that produces greenhouse effects into the atmosphere.
Evaluation of the production of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) as an alternative to agricultural production processes in an aquaponic system
Contextualization: It is estimated that by 2050, the world population will exceed 9.7 billion. This makes aquaponic systems emerge as an alternative to traditional production processes, combining plant and animal production into a sustainable and economically viable practice. Since two different products can be obtained in the same space, they become sustainable and feasible to implement. Knowledge gap: This type of production serves as an alternative by integrating the symbiotic relationship between agriculture and aquaculture into a single production cycle, promoting water-use efficiency and optimizing resources for plant fertilization. However, one of the main challenges in such systems is the lack of standardization in design and operation, limited research on the specific interactions between the organisms involved, and how these interactions affect the system's health and performance. Purpose: This research evaluated the production of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in an aquaponic system to contribute to food development and sustainability. By focusing on species distinct from commonly cultivated ones, such as lettuce, it aims to diversify plant production, promoting environmental sustainability, reducing ecological footprints, and strengthening resilient supply chains in response to population growth and climate change. Methodology: A completely randomized design was implemented. The statistical method ANOVA was used, and Duncan's test was employed to compare plant and fish development to determine whether significant differences existed between them. Data collection was conducted over a three-week period. Results and conclusions: By the third week, approximate weights of 390 grams were recorded for the animals. The association resulted in the plants not reaching physiological maturity. Ammonium levels reached a maximum of 8 ppm, nitrites 0.50 ppm, and nitrates 40.00 ppm, reflecting inadequate nutrient absorption by the plants and an imbalance in ammonium levels in the water. The proposal to investigate cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) germination in an inert substrate prior to transplantation into the aquaponic system opens new opportunities to enhance plant production.
Evaluation of hydrophysical properties of soils under various management and conservation strategies in Aipe, Huila, Colombia between 2023 to 2024
Contextualization: Agriculture has faced significant challenges related to soil conservation and environmental quality due to human activities and climate change. In rural regions of Colombia, specifically in the municipality of Aipe, Huila, soil degradation is a growing problem affecting agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and rural development. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies highlighted soil degradation caused by unsustainable practices, but there was little research comparing the effects of different soil management systems (traditional, sustainable, intensive, and native forest) on soil hydrophysical properties in Aipe. This study addressed this gap by evaluating key indicators such as infiltration, bulk density, organic matter, and soil structure. Objectives: The main objective was to evaluate the hydraulic and physical properties of soils. Three specific objectives were set: 1) to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of soils in the municipality of Aipe, Huila, under different agricultural management practices; 2) analyze the relationship between sustainable management practices and soil quality, and 3) establish sustainable management strategies based on the results obtained. Methodology: First, systematic sampling methods combined with detailed laboratory analysis were used to evaluate the soil according to its hydrophysical characteristics. Second, the selection of the most sensitive properties was verified, based on Pearson's correlation analysis using XLSTAT software, with a significance level of α=0.05. Third, a factor analysis was performed to clarify and integrate the relationships between the selected properties. Results and conclusions: The study revealed that sustainably managed soils (SMS) had the highest quality (41.08%), followed by intensively used soils (30.24%), native forest (15.09%), and traditional practices (13.51%). Key indicators such as infiltration, organic matter, and soil structure were crucial for assessing quality. The Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) revealed a 13.2% similarity between traditional and intensive soils, while sustainable and native forest soils showed a 34.3% difference, highlighting the impacts of management.
Interrelationship between good agricultural practices and the quality of refrigerated raw milk: a study of dairy farms in the Taquari Valley, Brazil
Brazil is one of the world's largest milk producers, but it still faces major challenges in terms of product quality and safety, especially on family farms. In this context, the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) represents a fundamental strategy for improving the hygiene, health and production indicators of the dairy chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying GAP on the quality of refrigerated raw milk and to characterize the socio-economic profile of 51 small dairy farms located in the Taquari Valley, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The farms, linked to a dairy agro-industry, were monitored through two technical visits carried out as part of the Milk Supplier Qualification Plan (MSQP), with a focus on identifying non-conformities and proposing improvements. During the visits, samples of refrigerated raw milk were collected for physico-chemical and microbiological analysis, and structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-economic data. The results indicated significant improvements in milk quality after the implementation of GAP, such as a reduction in temperature, an increase in fat content and compliance with legal protein and lactose standards. Despite the low level of education among the producers, there was a growing adoption of appropriate technologies in the production process. There has also been progress in preventing mastitis, although inadequate practices persist, such as the shared use of towels when drying udders. The findings of this study highlight the importance of continuous technical training and strengthening rural assistance to promote sustainability, food security and competitiveness in family dairy production.
Biodegradation of pretreated expanded polystyrene with ultraviolet radiation in soil with fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp.
Contextualization: expanded polystyrene (EP) is a hydrophobic material, so it can remain in nature without decomposing for years; it is also difficult to recycle. Therefore, research is being carried out to implement technologies for its degradation, among which are biotechnological processes using fungi. Knowledge gap: the effect of EP degradation by fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp. in soil in different periods of time, through the use of PS pretreated with UV light, as a source of carbon and energy for the fungi, is unknown. Purpose: to evaluate the biodegradation of EP with the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger individually and in consortium in soil. Methodology: EP samples with dimensions 4 cm x 4 cm x 0.3 cm were used, washed and then treated with ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were grown on Sabouraud agar to obtain the inoculum. The soil was sterilized during one hour at 121 °C, 103,4 KPa and then 70 g of soil were added in aluminium pots to which the EP sample and inoculum were added according to the experimental design. After the process, the samples were washed and weighed to determine the percentage of biodegradation. In addition, the presence of the fungi in the soil was quantified to verify their survival. Results and conclusions: The fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger can biodegrade EP reaching values between 14-18% individually and in consortium without significant differences between them.
Spatio temporal analysis of monthly precipitation and temperature estimates from Chirps and Worldclim in the Sonora river basin, Mexico
Contextualization: The precipitation and temperature estimates in the Sonora River Basin, Mexico, are analyzed using Chirps and WorldClim raster data. These platforms help compensate for the lack of data due to low or nonexistent instrumentation, providing valuable information for territorial planning and decision-making. Knowledge Gap: Despite the information generated from remote sensors that facilitate the interpolation and estimation of climate variables in areas without direct measurements, uncertainties persist regarding the accuracy of interpolated raster data compared to ground-based climatological records, especially in regions with low station density and diverse geographical features. Purpose: The main objective is to assess the accuracy of Chirps precipitation estimates and WorldClim maximum and minimum temperature estimates using monthly records from 19 climatological stations in the Sonora River Basin during the period 1981–2013. Methodology: Data from Chirps and WorldClim were collected and compared with climatological station records using the Percentage Bias (PBIAS) and the Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR). R programming routines were used for analysis. Results and Conclusions: The results show that Chirps and WorldClim estimates exhibit a "Good" to "Very Good" fit. However, cases of underestimation and overestimation were identified, primarily in temperature estimates. Temperature estimates showed a high degree of accuracy, whereas precipitation estimates displayed greater dispersion. Raster-based data platforms are reliable for climate studies and planning in the region.
Post harvest analysis of Vaccinium meridionale Swartz at different stages of maturity
Contextualization: agraz, Vaccinium meridionale Swartz, is a climacteric fruit characterized by a drastic loss of its organoleptic properties when it reaches the maximum point of maturity, reducing the commercial and nutritional quality of the berry. Knowledge gap: agraz is observed in the market in different degrees of maturity with detriment of the final quality; consequently, the physicochemical characterization as a defined criterion for harvesting the fruit in the high Andean zone of the department of Cauca is unknown. Purpose: to determine the physicochemical parameters of the agraz fruit, to establish a basis of its properties, serving as a guide in harvesting and processing processes. Methodology: fruits from Gabriel López, municipality of Totoró (Cauca-Colombia) were analyzed, determining compressive strength, fresh mass, pH and maturity index, under a completely randomized experimental design, according to six stages of maturity. Results and conclusions: higher firmness to mechanical fracture was observed in the agraz fruits at stages 0 to 2. pH presented the highest peaks at stages 4 and 5 while, fresh mass per fruit showed a descending behavior from stage 0 to 5, with values from 0.53 g to 0.68 g being observed. Variability in the maturity index was identified from 2.4 to 5.2 among treatments The appropriate stage for postharvest storage and transport of the fruit was determined at stage 2.
Quantitative Ethnobotany in Agro-landscapes of the Colombian Caribbean: Implications for the Conservation of Tropical Dry Forest (BsT)
Contextualization: Tropical dry forests (Bs-T) are important ecosystems for the life of communities and also threatened. The techniques in quantitative ethnobotany is fundamental for the conservation of biodiversity since it documents the traditional knowledge on the use of trees and provides technical tools, to preserve the biocultural wealth, guide the integration of trees into landscapes in a sustainable manner and strengthen population empowerment in the management of natural resources for subsistence and local development. Knowledge gap: Lack of documentation on species and their traditional uses, added to the scarcity of research analyzing how this knowledge is transmitted between generations, understanding the cultural and social mechanisms that allow the conservation and use of this knowledge. Objectives: To document traditional knowledge about the use of trees, and their useful parts, in the departments of Atlántico, Bolívar, César, La Guajira, Magdalena and Sucre. Methodology: Conducting semi-structured interviews with 75 informants, distributed in different consultation groups such as experts (25), experts (18) and producers (32)where ethnobotanical uses and part of the useful plant of the species used in the study area were investigated Results and conclusions: 313 species were identified, among which the Fabaceae family predominates with 80 species and a Shannon index of 5.5, which suggests a considerable diversity in traditional knowledge on plant use; the Pielou index was 0.66, reflecting that there is no dominant species in the number of uses n. The species with the highest number of uses are Genipa americana L, with 17 uses; Cordia Alba Jacq, with 16 uses; Guazuma ulmifolia Lam and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb with 15 uses respectively. This study highlights the diversity of traditional knowledge and the need to conserve knowledge of the natural resources that support use practices. This study highlights the diversity of traditional knowledge and stresses the need to conserve knowledge as the natural resources that sustain use practices. The findings provide a basis for future ethnobotanical research and provide valuable guidance for the development of biodiversity conservation and sustainable management strategies in the Colombian Caribbean region.
Tropical dry forest, traditional knowledge, biocultural diversity, ethnobotany, use value.
Characterization and typification of livestock agroecosystems with sustainable production practices in Caquetá, Colombian Amazon
Contextualization: The Caquetá department harbors the fifth-largest cattle inventory in Colombia; however, the development of this activity in the Amazon has raised various questions regarding its impact on sustainability and the conservation of natural resources. The characterization and typification of production systems are necessary for the implementation and management of successful projects, considering they selves characteristics. Knowledge gap: the studies conducted to characterize and typify livestock agroecosystems in Caquetá have been limited by their geographical focus and the precision concerning the number of characterized properties. Furthermore, they have not included aspects that allow for understanding the adoption of sustainable production practices. Purpose: This article aims to characterize and typify cattle farms that have implemented practices of sustainable production in the Caquetá state. Methodology: The study was development in nine municipalities of the Caquetá in the Colombian Amazon; 376 dual-purpose cattle agroecosystems were selected, where a project to stablished silvopastoral (SPS) systems and pasture division was developed. The information was taken trough a structured survey considering the dimensions of the sustainability, and was analyzed using multivariate statistic with Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis and Analysis Multivariate of Variance. Results and conclusions: the agroecosystem on average have an area of 68 hectares, 76% covered by pastures, 22% by rainforest, and less of 2% in crops, and 78 bovines; in both MCA and PCA was evidenced association of the agroecosystems per municipalities coincide with the cluster analysis; the cluster analysis generated three groups with statistical difference (p<0,0001), in the first group largest farming area and largest milk yield per cow was evidenced, the second group stand out by the largest area in conservation, largest milk production per farm, but minor milk yield per cow, and the third group stand out by the largest areas in silvopastoral systems and the largest productive reconversion. In conclusion, in the Caquetá department three types of agroecosystems are distinguished, they show adoption of sustainable practices such as silvopastoral systems and rational division of grasslands, the greater the adoption of sustainable practices, greater was the increase in milk yield and productivity.
Mobile technological application for improving production and agricultural management in the coffee sector of Huila
The coffee sector in Colombia accounts for approximately 15% of the agricultural GDP, establishing itself as a strategic pillar of the national economy. However, it faces significant challenges in administrative management and productive planning, particularly in regions such as the department of Huila, where the adoption of technologies on coffee farms remains limited. This situation is mainly associated with low educational levels and limited strategic preparation among coffee growers. Within this context, a knowledge gap is identified regarding the lack of accessible technological solutions tailored to the real needs of coffee producers, aimed at optimizing their decision-making processes. The purpose of this study was to design and implement a mobile application to improve crop planning and management within the associative group of agricultural producers Bunn San Luis, located in the municipality of Acevedo, Huila. The research sought to characterize the farmers’ planning practices, develop mathematical modules for forecasting, build a functional digital tool, and evaluate its impact after implementation. The methodology employed was mixed, integrating quantitative and qualitative techniques under a participatory action research approach, which included focus groups with directors and producers, surveys, and statistical analyses. The mobile application was developed with specific modules for harvest forecasting and strategic crop planning, and its implementation involved training sessions, pilot testing, and continuous follow-up. The results demonstrate a substantial improvement in the farmers’ planning and decision-making capacities after adopting the application, confirming its practical value as a support tool for administrative management in coffee farming. The study concludes that while technology offers a valuable opportunity, it is essential to strengthen digital training processes in the rural sector to ensure effective adoption and integration of these tools.
Effect of pruning and integrated fertilization on some physical properties of cacao soils
Contextualization: Tropical soils are crucial for the production of Theobroma cacao L. Knowledge gap: Lack of monitoring of soil properties in Theobroma cacao L. plantations to quantify changes induced by agronomic management practices. Purpose: Evaluate the effect of pruning and integrated fertilization on some physical properties of a Typic Dystropepts soil used in cacao cultivation. Methodology: The research was conducted between January 2022 and August 2023 in the Santa Rosa village (Convención, Norte de Santander). The TCS-01, TCS-06, TCS-19, ICS-1, and CCN-51 clones, all 10 years old, were selected, with each clone representing independent experiments. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, with a split-plot arrangement, consisting of six treatments and three repetitions. The physical parameters evaluated were bulk density (Da), mean weight diameter (MWD), and structural stability index (IE). Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 4.2.1 to assess data normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions. Subsequently, a combined analysis of variance was conducted, and Tukey's multiple comparison method was applied for each treatment. Results and conclusions: Technified pruning combined with integrated fertilization, compared to the pruning and fertilization methods used by the cacao farmer, led to a decrease in bulk density values, while also increasing soil structural stability. The implementation of pruning practices together with integrated fertilization had a positive trend on the physical properties of the soil evaluated in this research. This suggests that these agronomic practices can effectively contribute to the sustainability and productivity of soils in cacao cultivation.
Nutritional, antioxidant and technological potential of five fruits produced in the Colombian Pacific: a review of agro-industrial processes and opportunities
Contextualization: Colombia's Pacific region is known for its floral diversity. Within this, some fruit and food species stand out, such as pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), plantain (Musa paradisiaca), primitive (Musa acuminata), popocho (Musa ABB Simmonds), chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), achín (Colocasia esculenta) and, lulo (Solanum sessiliflorum), all with high nutritional and bioactive potential. Knowledge gap: Although these species have great potential, their nutritional and bioactive value is not fully exploited in the region. Lack of knowledge of their properties and the lack of resources for the development of derived products limit their exploitation. In addition, there are significant losses during harvesting due to the lack of local processing alternatives. Purpose: The objective of this work was to review the nutritional, antioxidant and technological potential of seven underutilized plant species in Chocó and to update information on their main uses. Methodology: An exhaustive search was conducted in Scholar Google, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Springer and Scopus, focusing on the general characteristics, nutritional composition and bioactive properties of these species. Studies published in the last three decades were included, ensuring that 60% of these corresponded to the last five years. In total, 84 studies were selected for the review. Results and conclusions: The fruits and corms analyzed show a high nutritional value. For example, pumpkin has a caloric content of 30 kcal/100 g, with carbohydrates ranging from 43.8% to 53.3%, and a fiber content of 5% to 29%. In comparison, plantain, primitivo and popocho have a caloric value of 90-93 kcal/100 g, with 22.84% carbohydrates. Chontaduro stands out with 2064 mg potassium and a significant carotenoid content (631 µg carotenes/mL). Achín, although less caloric (591 kcal/100 g), has a high content of phenolic compounds (591 mg GAE/100 g). These results show that these species possess antioxidant and bioactive properties that open new agricultural and industrial perspectives.
Mackcheembergs Francoees Largacha-Viveros
Artisanal transformation of corn (Zea mays L.) by black communities of the Colombian Pacific
Contextualization: this study documents various artisanal maize transformation products, created by Afro-Colombian communities in the Pacific region, an area known for its ability to reflect and preserve the cultural traditions of the ethnic communities involved. Knowledge Gap: despite the cultural importance of maize, there is limited documentation on the specific artisanal transformation processes in Afro-Colombian communities. Therefore, this study contributes to the existing knowledge by focusing on these processes within the context of the Colombian Pacific. Purpose: the main objective of the study is to analyze the artisanal maize transformation practices, carried out by Afro-Colombian communities in the Colombian Pacific, with a focus on the transmission of intergenerational knowledge and the influence of cultural factors. Methodology: data collection was conducted through semi-structured surveys with key informants involved in the transformation and sale of maize-based products. A total of 45 surveys were conducted, in addition to observations in the Quibdó marketplace. The analysis included descriptive measures and statistical tests, such as U-tests with Bonferroni correction and Spearman correlation. Results and conclusions: women predominated among the informants, representing 97.5% Afro-Colombian communities and 2.5% mestizos. Most of the informants were in the 50-60 age range. Sixteen maize transformations were identified, with "el claro" being the most common product, and the "Chococito" maize variety being the most used. This study reveals the importance of women in maize transformation, underscores the need to preserve the heritage of knowledge, and highlights the influence of cultural factors in the choice of maize varieties and transformation practices. Additionally, the correlation between the age of the informants and the time spent on maize transformation suggests consistency and accumulated experience in this practice.
Comparative analysis of heavy metals in road dust of two municipalities of meta, Colombia
Contextualization: Road dust is an important source of pollutants that have the potential to impact both public health and natural resources. This study aims to assess the presence of heavy metal pollution in road dust collected from two localities in Meta, Colombia. Knowledge gap: In urban areas of Colombia, there are still unanswered questions regarding the distribution and concentration of heavy metals, despite the increasing concern regarding environmental pollution. This investigation contributes to the establishment of a foundation of information for decision-making to preserve the integrity of urban environments. Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the concentrations of five heavy metals chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the dust found on the main streets of Puerto López and Puerto Gaitán. Additionally, the research aims to assess the pollution levels by utilizing the pollution factor (FC) and the pollutant load index (PLI). Methodology: A total of 24 road dust samples were collected from the main roads of two municipalities. The concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, following the EPA 3050B and EPA 7000B procedures. Results and conclusions: The results revealed that Puerto López exhibited the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ni, and Puerto Gaitán showed the highest concentration of Cr. Zn, Cu, and Pb were the metals found in the highest concentrations for the two municipalities. Based on the FC and PLI study, it was determined that Puerto López exhibits elevated levels of pollution, particularly about Zn and Cu. Overall, this study offers essential information on the presence of heavy metals in road dust in two municipalities in Meta. It addresses a lack of knowledge regarding the environmental condition of areas with high industrial activity. The results emphasize the necessity of implementing measures to mitigate pollution and safeguard public health.
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Water quality assessment of ciénaga de la Virgen (Cartagena, Colombia) applying multivariate statistical techniques
Contextualization: Water is one of the most important natural resources for life and is most impacted daily by the communities surrounding the bodies of water. Knowledge gap: Environmental authorities rarely use multivariate statistical analyzes to examine regional water quality, which is an important tool for environmental decision-making. Purpose: To determine the variation of the water quality of the Cienaga de la Virgen through the use of multivariate statistical methods to data collected from the year 2009 to 2017. Methodology: the samples were taken in the cienaga monthly, then in the laboratory the concentrations of Ammonium (NH4+), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Total Phosphorus (TP), Salinity, Total Coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), total suspended solids (TSS) were analyzed. Multivariate analyzes such as correlation matrix, principal component analysis, boxplots, and cluster were applied to the collected data. Results and conclusions: Multivariate data analysis showed different behaviors of water quality around the coastal lagoon and the strongest contamination factors are high levels of BOD5 and total and fecal coliforms. Both factors related to wastewater and solid waste. Conclusions: the greatest contamination in the swamp is caused by the community and its poorly treated waste, it is necessary to start awareness days in the Cartagena community on issues of water care in order to preserve this important water resource for the city.
Contextualization: Fish farming has rapidly grown in Colombia, representing 3.3% of the agricultural GDP, with an emphasis on freshwater fishing of species such as tilapia, cachama, and trout. This growth drives the demand for balanced food and the search for alternative ingredients to enhance the profitability of fish farms through efficient and sustainable diets. Knowledge gap: The steady and rapid growth of fish production at the national and departmental levels has increased the demand for balanced food, impacting production costs, which can account for up to 70% of the total. This necessitates the search for products that can meet the nutritional needs of fish through the inclusion of alternative ingredients. Purpose: Analyze the nutritional composition of 14 alternative raw materials including plant materials and by-products, present in the Lengupá Province, for Tilapia feeding Methodology: The study was conducted in the Lengupá Province, covering an area of 1645 km², including municipalities such as Miraflores, Páez, Campohermoso, Zetaquira, Berbeo, San Eduardo, and Rondón. Fourteen raw materials (Manihot esculenta, Colocasia esculenta, Morus spp, Sambucus nigra, Tithonia diversifolia, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, Arachis pintoi, Plukenetia volubilis, Theobroma cacao, Coffea arabica, Glycine max, Zea mays, Palm Kernel, Oryza sativa) were selected for nutritional composition analysis through bromatological analysis, determining moisture content, dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, gross energy, calcium, and phosphorus.Principio del formulario Results and conclusions: Variations were found in fiber, protein, fat, minerals, and energy content among the plant species, with Manihot esculenta having the highest protein content (22.66%) and energy (4574 cal/g). Thus, it could be considered to reduce traditional sources in fish diet formulation. Agricultural by-products were also compared, with Glycine max standing out as a protein leader (46.33%) and Plukenetia volubilis cake as an important energy source (5386.6 cal/g). Therefore, the evaluated sources could be used in formulating diets meeting the nutritional requirements of tilapia, considering aspects such as digestibility and nutrient balance.
Physicochemical characterization of seven apple varieties (Malus domestica Borkh) established in high tropics
Contextualization: The recovery of traditional apple varieties is a very important action in the field of plant genetic resources conservation, at the local level. Knowledge gap: However, traditional varieties have specific and uncommon properties that can make them interesting compared to commercial varieties, but there has been little research describing their quality characteristics. Purpose: The objective of this research was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of seven apple varieties cultivated in the municipality of Tibaná, Boyacá. Methodology: The methodology employed involved the determination of several key characteristics of the fruit, including weight (in grams), skin color, fruit firmness (as measured in Newtons), total soluble solids (in degrees Brix), pH, total titratable acidity (in milliequivalents per liter), maturity ratio, and agroindustrial potential. Results and conclusions: The results indicate that "Winter Banana" had the highest soluble solids content and the lowest fruit hardness. "Dorset Golden" had the highest pH value and maturity ratio. "Anna" had the highest acidity and "Pennsylvania" had the largest size. Dorset Golden" and "Winter Banana" were found to be the varieties with the best physicochemical characteristics for industrialization processes.
Colchicine as an inducer of morphological and stomatal changes in Kalanchoe × laetivirens Desc.
Contextualization: One of the strategies used in plant breeding with medicinal plants is the artificial induction of polyploidy. Knowledge gap: The lack of information on the specific effects of polyploidy in Kalanchoe × laetivirens Desc. and how these directly affect the production of medicinal compounds or other characteristics relevant to their medicinal use. Purpose: The impact of various doses of colchicine on leaf morphology and stomatal structure of Kalanchoe × laetivirens was evaluated. Methodology: Colchicine solutions were applied to plants for 12 hours (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1% w/v) and anatomical parameters (number of leaves, height, length and leaf width) were evaluated for 10 weeks. The size, density and number of chloroplasts per stomata of one plant per treatment were analyzed. Results and conclusions: Higher colchicine concentrations induced a relevant increase in leaf height, number and width. A dose-response relationship was observed in morphological improvements. Colchicine-treated plants showed larger stomata, higher stomatal density and an increase in the number of chloroplasts per stomata compared to the control. The results suggest an association between ploidy level and stomatal characteristics, with possible implications for plant physiology. Further studies are needed to understand the long-term effects of colchicine and to evaluate possible adverse effects. Induction of polyploidy with colchicine in Kalanchoe × laetivirens is a promising technique for improving leaf morphology and stomatal characteristics, with potential for applications in research and agriculture.
Automated measurement of water infiltration: implications for sustainable water management in different soil types
Context: The assessment of water infiltration in various soil types is fundamental for the sustainable management of water and soil resources. Accurate measurement methods are needed to advance our understanding of infiltration processes and to support effective water management practices that maintain soil integrity. Knowledge Gapgap: While progress has been made in infiltration measurement techniques, the extent to which automated systems can enhance accuracy and inform sustainable water and soil management strategies remains unclear. Purpose: This study investigates how the use of automated systems can improve the accuracy of soil water infiltration measurements, contributing to more effective strategies for sustainable management of water and soil resources. Methods: The study examines the relationship between the physical composition of soils in a toposequence of three distinct types (Latosol, Argisol, Neosol) and their water infiltration rates. An automated system incorporating a ring infiltrometer, ultrasonic sensor, and Arduino microcontroller was used for continuous infiltration measurements in the soils of the Tietê-Batalha watershed, São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Results and Conclusions: The findings show that Neosol had an average infiltration rate of 52.18 ± 6.88 mm h-1, Argisol recorded a rate of 47.20 ± 1.64 mm h-1, and Latosol exhibited a lower average of 37.76 ± 1.15 mm h-1. The results demonstrate the advantages of integrating automated technology into soil analysis, revealing a partial correlation between soil physical properties and infiltration rates. Although challenges remain in implementing automated systems, their use enhances the understanding of hydrological processes and supports more informed decisions in sustainable resource management. Recommendations and Future future Perspectives: Future research should investigate the influence of climatic and environmental factors on measurement accuracy, as well as the broader implications for sustainable management practices across different environmental conditions. These areas of inquiry are important for advancing knowledge and improving strategies for conserving water and soil resources.